infosphere.scroll
Changed around line 1
+ date 2025-4-19
+ tags All Science Thinking IntellectualFreedom
+ title The Infosphere
+ container 500px
+ standardPost.scroll
+
+ Symbols can live more than fifty times longer than humans. They require almost no energy to persist, just the occasional refresh every fifty years or so to not fade. How do we talk about this space where symbols are popping up, fading or being replicated, on surfaces and screens? I suggest a new word: *Infosphere*.
+
+ ***
+
+ The Infosphere refers to the collection of all man-made, public, persisting symbols.
+
+ The Infosphere is not the natural part of nature. The Infosphere is not present in the woods, or on the beach, or in the mountains.
+ // unless you bring your phone
+
+ Books, newspapers, magazines, televisions, phone screens, radios - these are the realm of the Infosphere.
+
+ Your eyes and ears breathe the Infosphere as your lungs breathe the atmosphere.
+
+ ***
+
+ We depend on the atmosphere to live and we depend on the infosphere to thrive.
+
+ A century ago in the western world new industrial technologies polluted our atmosphere.
+
+ We largely fixed this, but now our infosphere is heavily polluted.
+
+ Information pollution is very real.
+
+ ***
+
+ Earlier generations spent far more time in nature. It simply wasn't possible to be exposed to the infosphere so much.
+
+ Now the infosphere is increasingly omnipresent, and, as it is filled with toxins, the latest generations, including mine, are the most lied to people in history.
+
+ You wouldn't want your children to breathe toxic air, why would you want them to breathe toxic information?
+
+ ***
+
+ What is the source of these toxins?
+
+ The infosphere can nourish or poison, instruct or distract.
+
+ You would think our laws would be designed to encourage the former and discourage the latter.
+
+ But it is the opposite.
+
+ The primary source of infosphere pollution are those unarchived symbols that we are not permitted to adjust.
+
+ We have made widespread a thing called "copyright" law. What does this do?
+
+ It orders that new symbols be frozen for over 100 years.
+
+ It pretends that this would lead to a healthier infosphere, but any thinking man can see how clearly false this is.
+
+ Ideas work best continually refined. Freezing is non-nonsensical.
+
+ No honest scientist or engineer would ever say their symbols are perfect. Instead they constantly strive to correct them, iterating upon them until they die, and hoping that future generations will continue to iterate upon them after that. The scientist also publishes their work for all to see and learn from. Meanwhile, the copyrighter demands payment before one can see their work, then puts out dribble after dribble, and claims their symbols are immune from defects, and must not be altered without permission for over a century.
+
+ Which symbols do you think are healthier for the infosphere?
+
+ ***
+
+ Nature provides incentives for improving the infosphere. Copyright provides incentives for polluting the infosphere.
+
+ Believing one can centrally set the optimal "term limits" on information is as naive as believing one can centrally set prices.
+
+ Free markets would far more intelligently organize the infosphere.
+
+ ***
+
+ The information filter strips toxic information, such as orthogonal advertising, from the infosphere.
+
+ But information filtering is made illegal by copyright law.
+
+ As a result, toxins are incentivized and linger.
+
+ ***
+
+ Advertising, the mixing of undesired symbols with desired ones, is like an industrial age smoke stack spewing soot into the air.
+
+ Advertising pollutes our infosphere.
+
+ Honest advertising needs no captive audience or copyright protection. Thus, most in the advertising business are liars.
+
+ Liars pay top dollar for ads. Often the purveyor of copyrighted materials tries to pretend they are in an honest business but their material is bundled with advertisements for dishonest products.
+
+ When you see "Our business model is advertising" you should interpret as "Our business model is lying."
+
+ ***
+
+ What is the harm of a polluted infosphere?
+
+ Significant time wasting, for one. When one man's time is wasted, everyone is worse off.
+
+ But it does not stop there.
+
+ We saw in 2020 people worldwide held prisoner in their homes, ordered to cover their faces, and receiving forced injections, all uninformed orders made possible by a toxic infosphere.
+
+ There are countless Salem witch trials going on right now for conditions that don't exist; immunizations that doesn't immunize; medicines that don't heal.
+
+ An unhealthy infosphere is as deadly as an unhealthy atmosphere.
+
+ ***
+
+ We have recognized that we need to take care of our atmosphere.
+
+ Similarly, we need to take care of our infosphere.
+
+ ****
datasets.scroll
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- tags All Data Thinking Programming HasDataset ScrollSets
+ tags All Data Thinking Programming HasDataset ScrollSets Science
marks.scroll
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- tags All Data Thinking Life HasDataset
+ tags All Data Thinking Life HasDataset Science
pretext.scroll
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- tags All Scroll Thinking
+ tags All Scroll Science Thinking
sciencePage.scroll
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+ replace CAT_TITLE Science
+
+ categoryPage.scroll
+ printSnippets Science
+ footer.scroll
portfolio.scroll
Changed around line 47: datatable
- 2023,https://hawaii.publicdomaincompany.com,Hawai'i Pub
+ // 2023,https://hawaii.publicdomaincompany.com,Hawai'i Pub
+
portfolio.scroll
Changed around line 47: datatable
- 2023,http://hawaii.publicdomaincompany.com,Hawai'i Pub
+ 2023,https://hawaii.publicdomaincompany.com,Hawai'i Pub
portfolio.scroll
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- 2022,http://braindb.com,BrainDB
+ 2022,https://braindb.com,BrainDB
portfolio.scroll
Changed around line 47: datatable
- 2023,https://hawaii.publicdomaincompany.com/,Hawai'i Pub
+ 2023,http://hawaii.publicdomaincompany.com,Hawai'i Pub
- 2022,https://braindb.com,BrainDB
+ 2022,http://braindb.com,BrainDB
portfolio.scroll
Changed around line 51: datatable
- 2021,https://simoji.treenotation.org,Simoji
+ 2021,https://simoji.scroll.pub,Simoji
experiments.scroll
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+ date 2025-4-15
+ tags All Science Thinking Scroll
+ title Experiments
+ container 500px
+ standardPost.scroll
+
+ I believe learning through motion-through conducting physical experiments in the real world-is vastly superior to learning through reading.
+
+ But the number of experiments one can do is vast, with some being far more informative than others, and time and resources are limited. Reading can point one to the motions-the experiments-that are most informative.
+
+ Thus, the most valuable symbols are the ones that guide one to conduct the most useful experiments.
+
+ Lately I've been figuring out how to put all of science into one file. I think the file would largely be experiment after experiment after experiment. Each one, the near minimum number of symbols to communicate the easiest experiment that can be done to cause learning the next most useful set of patterns about the world.
+ science.html put all of science into one file
+
+ ****
pretext.scroll
Changed around line 4: title Pretext
+ Pretext is all the words, all the definitions, all the patterns not in the text but that the text depends on. The texts that the author possesses and the reader requires.
+
+ ***
+
- Pretexts are all the words, all the definitions, all the patterns not in the text but that the text depends on. The texts that the author possesses and the reader requires.
-
pretext.scroll
Changed around line 1
+ date 2025-4-14
+ tags All Scroll Thinking
+ title Pretext
+ container 500px
+ standardPost.scroll
+
+ Texts are far smaller than their pretexts.
+
+ The text `E=mc²` is short; the pretext long.
+
+ Pretexts are all the words, all the definitions, all the patterns not in the text but that the text depends on. The texts that the author possesses and the reader requires.
+
+ Texts are like the tip of the iceberg. But that's overselling texts, for the tip of the iceberg is 10% of the thing, whereas texts are far less a percentage of the text+pretext combination.
+
+ Perhaps the better metaphor is that texts are like the tip of a new Hawai'ian island poking above the surface, built on an Everest-sized mountain underneath.
+
+ ***
+
+ # The Pretext Button
+
+ We can build a machine, a function, that generates the pretext for a text.
+
+ Generated pretext would help find logical mistakes and/or experimental holes.
+
+ Pretexts would also give us measurable quantities. We could compare the true size of text A and text B by measuring both with their pretexts.
+
+ ***
+
+ What should be in the pretext?
+
+ - Every word should be declared
+ - Every word should be grounded
+ - Every word should be defined
+ - And the same for multiword constructs
+ - The text should be fully parseable by the above
+
+ ***
+
+ I'm excited to work more on pretext. Should have some demos soon.
+
+ ****
comics.scroll
Changed around line 6: printTitle
+ center 4/14/2025
+
+ # Tech Innovation Curves
+ comics/techInnovationCurves.png
+
+ ***
+
comics/techInnovationCurves.png
move.scroll
Changed around line 1
+ date 2025-4-12
+ tags All IntellectualFreedom
+ title Movement
+ container 500px
+ standardPost.scroll
+
+ > The doer alone learneth.
+ Attributed to Nietzsche
+ right
+ italics
+
+ I wish I spent more time moving atoms and less time moving symbols.
+
+ I enjoy reading and writing, but I do more of it than I'd like.
+
+ I overinvest in symbols out of duty. A small group of us stumbled upon the truth that our society has gotten the law wrong on symbols, and as a result the infosphere has become heavily polluted.
+ freedom.html society has gotten the law wrong on symbols
+
+ In an ideal world, IP law is deleted, the toxins are filtered from our infosphere, symbols become far more signal than noise, and I can put more time into doing things that require more motion than the pressing of keys on the keyboard or dancing a pen across a page.
+ https://x.com/jack/status/1910829254214115681 IP law is deleted
+
+ ***
+
+ Symbols, done right, are an extremely useful tool.
+
+ But only so far as they can improve the models embedded in one's brain.
+
+ The latter is the ends, the essential. The former is just a means.
+
+ The mental model is the meal, the symbols are the kitchen. Humans don't need kitchens, but do need meals. One is absolutely essential, the other is just a means to the essential thing. Kitchens are awesome, symbols are awesome, but there is a huge difference between something essential and a tool for making the essential thing.
+
+ ***
+
+ # The Best Symbols
+
+ The best symbols are those that transmit reproducible experiments that someone can do to learn highly predictive models of the world.
+
+ It is not enough to just read the symbols, you have to do the movements to learn them. The symbols are merely a guide.
+
+ When some symbols can lead you through some motions that then unlock in you vast new predictive powers, that is symbols at their finest.
+
+ ***
+
+ I wish I could snap my fingers and get people to see what I could see. A world with a very different infosphere. New mediums beyond books and papers and shows. Where symbolic products are published in a way to be easily accessed and shared and combined and refined and digested. An infosphere not overwhelmed with noise, not constantly trying to steal your attention. An infosphere that serves you, not tricks you.
+
+ It is far more rewarding to make things with atoms than symbols. Atomic creations are the things to be most proud of. The symbols on the screens should help us move and produce more, rather than sit and consume more symbols.
+
+ ***
+
+ Years ago my smart phone broke and I did not replace it. It was a life improvement.
+
+ My laptop is nearing 5 years old. It too may soon break. I would prefer not to replace it.
+
+ I hope the truth will be spreading by then.
+
+ We need far fewer symbols. We need signal, not noise.
+
+ ****
freedomFull.scroll
Changed around line 1
+ description Some writing about probability, programming, economics and life.
+ title Breck's Blog
+
+ header.scroll
+ printTitle
+
+ thinColumns 2
+ printFullSnippets IntellectualFreedom
+ footer.scroll
startupAdvice.scroll
Changed around line 36: container 600px
+ > *Cold emails:* Every single person I’ve interviewed thus far, even those working with billions of dollars, have all sent cold emails. - Sonith Sunku
+
blocking.scroll
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- In all three cases I was blocked after trying to help improve their ideas and better inform their users, who are all communities of people (science, statistics, startups) that I have a 20 year public track record of caring deeply about.
+ In all cases I was blocked after trying to help improve their ideas and better inform their users, who are all communities of people (science, statistics, startups) that I have a 20 year public track record of caring deeply about.
- I also was an early public booster of all 4 of these people, with years of public proof behind that, so one can not only show evidence that my actions were good, but that there is strong evidence of long term good intentions and good will from me to these people.
+ I also was an early public booster of all of these people, with years of public proof behind that, so one can not only show evidence that my actions were good, but that there is strong evidence of long term good intentions and good will from me to these people.
Changed around line 70: It should not only not be done, but it should not be a feature of these digital
- I blame Twitter for encouraging their worst impulses. I hope dearly Warpcast does not make the same mistake.
+ I blame Twitter for encouraging their worst impulses. I hope Warpcast does not make the same mistake.
abortBar.scroll
Changed around line 9: singleHeader.scroll
- So I saw a lot of animated "progress" bars in software that was actually hung.
+ So I saw a lot of animated "progress" bars in software that were actually hung.
market.scroll
Changed around line 22: The relationship between a human and the market is like that between a dog and t
+ # Markets are an intelligence
+
+ Markets can be a bit scary sometimes, just as a hive of bees can be a bit scary. Markets vibrate with energy and it can take some getting used to to have that energy focused on you when you first put your offerings out there. You have to have thick skin - there are a number of market participants who will sting you, one way or the other (usually nothing personal, just people having a laugh or a bad day).
+
+ Markets are intelligent beings. They sniff out good deals. Direct energy to promising directions.
+
+ A good quote I saw recently, that was about investing in markets but I think applies to selling to markets as well: "1. Markets work. 2. Costs matter. 3. Diversification is your friend". In other words - markets will reward you if you make something of value, but it may take time (so keep costs low), and don't put all your eggs in one basket.
+
+ ***
+
mindChangers.scroll
Changed around line 1
+ date 2025-4-11
+ tags All Thinking
+ title Mind Changers
+ container 500px
+ standardPost.scroll
+
+ > When the facts change, I change my mind. What do you do?
+ Attributed to John Maynard Keynes (1932)
+ right
+ https://quoteinvestigator.com/2011/07/22/keynes-change-mind/ 1932
+
+ A strong thinker can explain their position and imagine new facts that would flip it.
+
+ Facts don't always change. Nature grants us some stability in her laws.
+
+ But they _can_ always change. Our models are always downstream of measurements.
+
+ Imagining new facts that could cause you to change your positions makes you stronger.
+
+ Not only does it make you less likely to invest in wrong positions, but it will teach you how to better understand (and potentially alter) the positions of others.
+
+ ***
+
+ # Positions are built on models built of blocks
+
+ On topic T, my position is P.
+
+ My model of T is M.
+
+ M is built of blocks B[].
+
+ What changed blocks CB[], would cause me to flip my position P?
+
+ ***
+
+ # Sales
+
+ What I'm talking about here is also very similar to the problem of sales.
+
+ In sales you are listening to the potential customer to understand their model of the world, and then giving them truthful block changes that will update their model so that their position P becomes "buy".
+
+ ***
+
+ # Listening
+
+ To identify mind changers one needs to be know what the current model of the world in the mind is.
+
+ If you're trying to identify your own mind changers, writing helps.
+
+ If you're trying to identify the mind changers in someone else, listening.
+
+ ***
+
+ # Subconcious
+
+ What might cause someone to change their mind on a position P might have little to do with the symbolic model you're able to dig out.
+
+ It might mostly be due to subconscious blocks.
+
+ Perhaps a person says "Y" would change their position to P', but then what actually changes their position to P' is something totally different (like a pretty person pitching P').
+
+ ***
+
+ # Selling Out
+
+ > The surprising thing is not that every man has his price, but how low it is.
+ Attributed to Napoleon
+ right
+
+ In writing this one unexpected thing I realized is how easily and near universally even my positions are vulnerable to incentives.
+
+ I don't think you could pay me a price to promote a position I believed to be false, but you could probably pay me a (high) price to _not_ promote a position I believed to be true.
+
+ In other words, my voice is not for sale, but my _silence_ might be.
+
+ Why is this?
+
+ Simply because I have multiple things I care a lot about, I know my time is limited, and so working on certain things _always_ comes at the expense of working on others. So if someone pays me $X to _not_ promote opinion Y, but that allows me to promote 3 opinions that I care about when I otherwise might only be able to promote 1, I can see that is a deal I would be willing to consider.
+
+ So the block "suddenly I'm being paid not to promote P" would not get me to 180° flip my position P, but to at least rotate it 90° and go passive on P.
+
+ No one is currently paying me not to promote ideas (unfortunately?), but I think this is pretty widespread.
+
+ Some claim a lot of advertising in our world today isn't selling products, but buying silence.
+
+ ****
+
+ # Appendix: Practicing what I preach
+
+ Below I practice looking for mind changers on three of my most contrarian ideas.
+
+ ***
+
+ What are some block changes that might cause me to reverse my contrarian position that IP laws should be abolished?
+
+ I don't think any of these would ever happen, but I guess my mind would change if reproducible data showed conclusively:
+ - Concentrating power into a tiny sliver of humanity, the "innovator class", creates vastly better innovation than diffusive innovation
+ - Without IP then the class of people adept with symbols are inevitably and hopelessly enslaved by the property controlling class
+ - IP allows better information control and without it there is inevitable weapons proliferation and civilization-ending violence
+ - Without IP information sharing plummets and information sabotage reigns
+ - Without IP for whatever 2nd order reasons we are no longer able to build such collabortive wonders as microprocessors
+ - If AGI arrives and can create so much great stuff on demand that IP laws become completely irrelevant
+
+ Again, I would be extremely surprised by data showing these things, but these are the types of things that might cause me to change my mind.
+
+ ***
+
+ What are some block changes that might cause me to reverse my contrarian position that Scroll is a language worth strong investment?
+
+ - Putting time into improving Scroll often leads me to feel like I'm becoming a stronger thinker, so if that stopped being the case, I could see that.
+ - I definitely believe "thinking in 3D/4D", is 100x better than 2D thinking, so I could see if some type of 4D or 3D symbolic language were invented, that Scroll would become a much less important investment.
+ - Although I think Scroll is the language currently most alligned with LLMs, something new might arise significantly more aligned with them, which would make Scroll irrelevant.
+ - If the potential applications of Scroll to government and commerce were shown to be irrelevant, then it might show that the Metcalfe's law effect I predict will eventually come to Scroll might never happen.
+
+ ***
+
+ What are some block changes that might cause me to reverse my contrarian position that mitochondrial populations are the root cause of human energy disorders?
+
+ - If it's shown that there is no difference in mitochondrial populations in the same human in different energy states
+ - If a wholly different biological model arises, perhaps with a different organelle, or that looks at things very differently (perhaps with some type of field theory), that explains things better.
+
+
+ //
+ Scroll, the language this blog is written in, is a tool to help scientists develop strong symbolic models^scientists.
+ My hypothesis is that all symbolic models can be represented minimally in Scroll, and thus all models can be discussed as physical blocks linked to each other. The advantage of this is our brains can manipulate physical blocks more efficiently than abstractions.
+ ^scientists I define scientist as anyone, of any age, who engages in the routine of experiment and symbolic model building, honestly and collaboratively.
+
+ //
+ Note: let’s try writing this in Pages, and move it to Scroll afterwords.
+ - how do I hide the toolbar?
+ - The white is a little bright.
+ - Think I’m going to switch to sublime.
+ - Note, when I copy and pasted I didn't get the indents
thePermissionFunction.scroll
Changed around line 38: When the term is 0, there is no Permission Function, and the progress of arts an
- No AGI will waste energy on a Permission Function. AIs that do will be outcompeted.
+ No AGI will waste energy running a Permission Function. AIs that do will be outcompeted.
thePermissionFunction.scroll
Changed around line 38: When the term is 0, there is no Permission Function, and the progress of arts an
- No AGI will waste energy on a Permission Function. An AI that does that is doomed to extinction.
+ No AGI will waste energy on a Permission Function. AIs that do will be outcompeted.
thePermissionFunction.scroll
Changed around line 38: When the term is 0, there is no Permission Function, and the progress of arts an
- There is no way AGI will be wasting all this energy on a Permission Function.
-
- Any AI that does that is doomed to extinction.
+ No AGI will waste energy on a Permission Function. An AI that does that is doomed to extinction.
+ bold
ketones/chemicalBloodTests.tsv
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- id bottom top chemicalWikipediaPage diagram bloodTestWikipediaPage testAtLab testAtHome testByMail aka canTestAtHome endogenous
- Glucose 3.9 5.6 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucose https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug/compound/cid/5793/PNG https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_sugar https://www.questhealth.com/product/diabetes-risk-panel-94341M.html https://shop.keto-mojo.com/products/keto-mojo-gk-plus-blood-glucose-ketone-meter-basic-starter-kit true
- Lithium 0.4 1.2 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithium https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Lithium_paraffin.jpg/800px-Lithium_paraffin.jpg https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithium_pharmacology#Measurement https://www.ondemand.labcorp.com/lab-tests/lithium false
- Ketones 0 0.6 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketone_bodies https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug/compound/cid/180/PNG https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketone_bodies#Blood_testing https://www.walkinlab.com/products/view/ketone-blood-test https://shop.keto-mojo.com/products/keto-mojo-gk-plus-blood-glucose-ketone-meter-basic-starter-kit true
- Creatinine 0.06 0.12 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creatinine https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug/compound/cid/588/PNG https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creatinine#Blood_test https://www.ondemand.labcorp.com/lab-tests/creatinine-blood-test https://www.cvs.com/shop/diathrive-kidney-function-test-strips-15ct-prodid-1170071 true
- Calcium 2.1 2.6 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug/compound/cid/5460341/PNG https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium_in_biology#Plasma https://www.questhealth.com/product/calcium-test-303M.html false
- HDL Cholesterol 1 1.5 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-density_lipoprotein https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug/compound/cid/24775087/PNG https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipid_profile https://www.ondemand.labcorp.com/lab-tests/lipid-panel https://www.everlywell.com/products/cholesterol-and-lipids-test/ false
- Sodium 136 145 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug/compound/cid/5360545/PNG https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serum_sodium https://www.ondemand.labcorp.com/lab-tests/basic-metabolic-panel false
- Potassium 3.5 5.1 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassium https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug/compound/cid/5462222/PNG https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serum_potassium_test https://www.ondemand.labcorp.com/lab-tests/potassium-test false
- Chloride 98 107 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloride https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug/compound/cid/312/PNG https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serum_chloride https://www.ondemand.labcorp.com/lab-tests/chloride-blood-test false
- Urea 2.5 7.1 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urea https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug/compound/cid/1176/PNG https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_urea_nitrogen https://www.ondemand.labcorp.com/lab-tests/urea-nitrogen-bun false
- Phosphate 0.81 1.45 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphate https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug/compound/cid/1061/PNG https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphate_test https://www.ondemand.labcorp.com/lab-tests/phosphorus-test false
- Magnesium 0.66 1.07 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesium https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug/compound/cid/888/PNG https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesium_test https://www.ondemand.labcorp.com/lab-tests/magnesium-test false
- Iron 0.01 0.03 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug/compound/cid/23925/PNG https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serum_iron https://www.ondemand.labcorp.com/lab-tests/iron-and-total-iron-binding-capacity-tibc false
- Triglycerides 0.3 1.7 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triglyceride https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug/compound/cid/5460048/PNG https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triglyceride_test https://www.ondemand.labcorp.com/lab-tests/triglycerides-test false
- Albumin 0.57 0.8 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_serum_albumin https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug/compound/cid/16132389/PNG https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serum_albumin https://www.ondemand.labcorp.com/lab-tests/albumin-test false
- Total Protein 0.06 0.08 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Protein_TIM_barrel.png/1920px-Protein_TIM_barrel.png https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serum_total_protein https://www.ondemand.labcorp.com/lab-tests/total-protein-test false
- Bilirubin 0.003 0.02 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilirubin https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug/compound/cid/5280352/PNG https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilirubin_test https://www.ondemand.labcorp.com/lab-tests/bilirubin-total false
- Alkaline Phosphatase 0.5 1.5 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkaline_phosphatase https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/1ALK_Alkaline_Phosphatase.png/800px-1ALK_Alkaline_Phosphatase.png https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkaline_phosphatase#Blood_test https://www.ondemand.labcorp.com/lab-tests/alkaline-phosphatase-alp false
- Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST) 0.008 0.04 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspartate_transaminase https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/AST_dimer.png/800px-AST_dimer.png https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspartate_transaminase#Blood_test https://www.ondemand.labcorp.com/lab-tests/aspartate-aminotransferase-ast false
- Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT) 0.007 0.056 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alanine_transaminase https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Protein_ALT_PDB_1zgy.png/800px-Protein_ALT_PDB_1zgy.png https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alanine_transaminase#Blood_test https://www.ondemand.labcorp.com/lab-tests/alanine-aminotransferase-alt false
- Gamma-Glutamyl Transferase (GGT) 0.007 0.05 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma-glutamyltransferase https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/PDB_2z8x_EBI.jpg/800px-PDB_2z8x_EBI.jpg https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma-glutamyl_transferase#Blood_test https://www.ondemand.labcorp.com/lab-tests/gamma-glutamyl-transferase-ggt false
- Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) 0.0006 0.005 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thyroid-stimulating_hormone https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Thyrotropin.png/800px-Thyrotropin.png https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thyroid_function_tests#TSH_test https://www.ondemand.labcorp.com/lab-tests/thyroid-stimulating-hormone-tsh false
- Free Thyroxine (Free T4) 0.012 0.022 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thyroxine https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/L-Thyroxine.svg/1920px-L-Thyroxine.svg.png https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thyroid_function_tests#Free_T4 https://www.ondemand.labcorp.com/lab-tests/free-thyroxine-free-t4 false
- Vitamin D 0.05 0.15 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_D https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Cholecalciferol.svg/1920px-Cholecalciferol.svg.png https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_D#Testing https://www.ondemand.labcorp.com/lab-tests/vitamin-d-25-hydroxy https://www.everlywell.com/products/vitamin-d-test/ true
- Vitamin B12 0.0002 0.0007 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_B12 https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Cobalamin.png/1920px-Cobalamin.png https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_B12_deficiency#Diagnosis https://www.ondemand.labcorp.com/lab-tests/vitamin-b12 https://www.letsgetchecked.com/us/en/home-vitamin-test/ true
- Folic Acid 0.0067 0.047 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folic_acid https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Folic_acid.svg/1920px-Folic_acid.svg.png https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folate_deficiency#Diagnosis https://www.ondemand.labcorp.com/lab-tests/folate false
- C-Reactive Protein (CRP) 0.008 0.01 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-reactive_protein https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/C-reactive_protein_pentamer_from_PDB_1b09.png/800px-C-reactive_protein_pentamer_from_PDB_1b09.png https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-reactive_protein#Blood_test https://www.ondemand.labcorp.com/lab-tests/c-reactive-protein-crp-high-sensitivity false
- Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR) 0.04 0.2 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erythrocyte_sedimentation_rate https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Westergren_ESR_tube.JPG/800px-Westergren_ESR_tube.JPG https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erythrocyte_sedimentation_rate https://www.ondemand.labcorp.com/lab-tests/sedimentation-rate-esr-westergren false
- Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) 1.67 3.17 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lactate_dehydrogenase https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Ldh_1i10.png/800px-Ldh_1i10.png https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lactate_dehydrogenase#Blood_test https://www.ondemand.labcorp.com/lab-tests/lactate-dehydrogenase-ldh false
- Cortisol 0.14 0.69 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortisol https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Cortisol2.svg/1920px-Cortisol2.svg.png https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortisol#Testing https://www.ondemand.labcorp.com/lab-tests/cortisol-am false
- Testosterone 0.01 0.03 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testosterone https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Testosterone.svg/1920px-Testosterone.svg.png https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testosterone#Testing https://www.ondemand.labcorp.com/lab-tests/testosterone-total false
- Estradiol 0.000037 0.000147 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estradiol https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Estradiol.svg/1920px-Estradiol.svg.png https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estradiol_test https://www.ondemand.labcorp.com/lab-tests/estradiol false
- Progesterone 0.0032 0.086 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progesterone https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Progesteron.svg/1920px-Progesteron.svg.png https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progesterone_test https://www.ondemand.labcorp.com/lab-tests/progesterone false
- Prolactin 0.000087 0.00019 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prolactin https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Protein_PRL_PDB_1n9d.png/800px-Protein_PRL_PDB_1n9d.png https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prolactin#Hyperprolactinaemia https://www.ondemand.labcorp.com/lab-tests/prolactin false
- Ferritin 0.000067 0.0004 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferritin https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Ferritin.png/800px-Ferritin.png https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferritin_test https://www.ondemand.labcorp.com/lab-tests/ferritin false
- Homocysteine 0.005 0.015 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homocysteine https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Homocysteine-2D-skeletal.png/1920px-Homocysteine-2D-skeletal.png https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homocysteine#Blood_tests https://www.ondemand.labcorp.com/lab-tests/homocysteine false
- Lipase 0.00012 0.00075 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipase https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Lipase_1lpa.png/800px-Lipase_1lpa.png https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipase_test https://www.ondemand.labcorp.com/lab-tests/lipase false
- Amylase 0.0012 0.0053 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amylase https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Amylase_1smda.png/800px-Amylase_1smda.png https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amylase#Blood_test https://www.ondemand.labcorp.com/lab-tests/amylase false
- Ceruloplasmin 0.0015 0.006 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceruloplasmin https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Protein_CP_PDB_1kcw.png/800px-Protein_CP_PDB_1kcw.png https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceruloplasmin#Measurement https://www.ondemand.labcorp.com/lab-tests/ceruloplasmin false
- Ammonia 0.011 0.051 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammonia https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Ammonia-3D-balls.png/800px-Ammonia-3D-balls.png https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperammonemia#Diagnosis https://www.ondemand.labcorp.com/lab-tests/ammonia false
- Beta-2 Microglobulin (B2M) 0.001 0.003 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta-2_microglobulin https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/B2MG_dimer.png/800px-B2MG_dimer.png https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta-2_microglobulin#Blood_test https://www.ondemand.labcorp.com/lab-tests/beta-2-microglobulin-b2m false
- Copper 0.0118 0.0236 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug/compound/cid/23978/PNG https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper_in_health#Blood_test https://www.ondemand.labcorp.com/lab-tests/copper-serum false
- Pyruvate 0.03 0.1 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyruvic_acid https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug/compound/cid/107735/PNG https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyruvic_acid#Blood_test https://www.mayocliniclabs.com/test-catalog/Clinical+and+Interpretive/8663 false
- Uric Acid 0.18 0.42 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uric_acid https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug/compound/cid/1175/PNG https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uric_acid#Blood_test https://www.ondemand.labcorp.com/lab-tests/uric-acid false
- Zinc 0.0076 0.0153 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinc https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug/compound/cid/23994/PNG https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinc#Deficiency https://www.ondemand.labcorp.com/lab-tests/zinc false
- Creatine Kinase 0.22 3.33 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creatine_kinase https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Creatine_kinase.png/800px-Creatine_kinase.png https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creatine_kinase#Blood_test https://www.ondemand.labcorp.com/lab-tests/creatine-kinase-ck-cpk false
- Troponin 0 0.0004 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troponin https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Troponin_Complex_2.png/800px-Troponin_Complex_2.png https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troponin_test https://www.ondemand.labcorp.com/lab-tests/troponin-i false
- Folate (Serum) 0.0067 0.047 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folate https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug/compound/cid/135398658/PNG https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folate_deficiency#Diagnosis https://www.ondemand.labcorp.com/lab-tests/folate false
- Vitamin A 0.0007 0.0036 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_A https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug/compound/cid/445354/PNG https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_A_deficiency#Diagnosis https://www.ondemand.labcorp.com/lab-tests/vitamin-a false
- Vitamin C 0.023 0.085 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_C https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug/compound/cid/54670067/PNG https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_C_deficiency#Diagnosis https://www.ondemand.labcorp.com/lab-tests/vitamin-c false
- Alpha Fetoprotein 0 0.000008 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha-fetoprotein https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Protein_AFP_PDB_1e7a.png/800px-Protein_AFP_PDB_1e7a.png https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha-fetoprotein_test https://www.ondemand.labcorp.com/lab-tests/alpha-fetoprotein-tumor-marker false
- Beta Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (HCG) 0 0.005 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_chorionic_gonadotropin https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Chorionic_gonadotropin_PDB_1hrp.png/800px-Chorionic_gonadotropin_PDB_1hrp.png https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_chorionic_gonadotropin#Blood_test https://www.ondemand.labcorp.com/lab-tests/hcg-quantitative-pregnancy true
- CA19.9 0 0.000037 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CA19-9 https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/CA19-9.svg/1920px-CA19-9.svg.png https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CA19-9#Blood_test https://www.ondemand.labcorp.com/lab-tests/cancer-antigen-19-9 false
- Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA) 0 0.0000025 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carcinoembryonic_antigen https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Protein_CEA_PDB_2qy0.png/800px-Protein_CEA_PDB_2qy0.png https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carcinoembryonic_antigen#Blood_test https://www.ondemand.labcorp.com/lab-tests/carcinoembryonic-antigen-cea false
- Prostatic Acid Phosphatase (PAP) 0 0.002 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prostatic_acid_phosphatase https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Protein_ACPP_PDB_1nd6.png/800px-Protein_ACPP_PDB_1nd6.png https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prostatic_acid_phosphatase#Medical_uses https://www.ondemand.labcorp.com/lab-tests/prostatic-acid-phosphatase-pap false
- Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA) 0 0.004 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prostate-specific_antigen https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Protein_KLK3_PDB_2zch.png/800px-Protein_KLK3_PDB_2zch.png https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prostate-specific_antigen#Blood_test https://www.ondemand.labcorp.com/lab-tests/prostate-specific-antigen-psa-total false
- Alpha 1-Antitrypsin 0.02 0.048 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha-1_antitrypsin https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Protein_SERPINA1_PDB_1hp7.png/800px-Protein_SERPINA1_PDB_1hp7.png https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_1-antitrypsin_deficiency#Diagnosis https://www.ondemand.labcorp.com/lab-tests/alpha-1-antitrypsin false
- Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 0.01 0.085 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angiotensin-converting_enzyme https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Protein_ACE_PDB_2c6f.png/800px-Protein_ACE_PDB_2c6f.png https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angiotensin-converting_enzyme#Blood_test https://www.ondemand.labcorp.com/lab-tests/angiotensin-converting-enzyme-ace false
- D-Dimer 0 0.0005 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D-dimer https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Fibrin_fragment_D-dimer.png/800px-Fibrin_fragment_D-dimer.png https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D-dimer_test https://www.ondemand.labcorp.com/lab-tests/d-dimer-quantitative false
- Lead 0 0.00024 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug/compound/cid/5352425/PNG https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead_poisoning#Diagnosis https://www.ondemand.labcorp.com/lab-tests/lead false
- Rheumatoid Factor 0 0.015 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rheumatoid_factor https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/IgM_Pentamer.svg/1280px-IgM_Pentamer.svg.png https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rheumatoid_factor#Blood_test https://www.ondemand.labcorp.com/lab-tests/rheumatoid-factor false
- Triiodothyronine (T3) 0.0012 0.003 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triiodothyronine https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug/compound/cid/5920/PNG https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thyroid_function_tests#T3 https://www.ondemand.labcorp.com/lab-tests/t3-total false
- Acetoacetate 0.004 0.043 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetoacetate https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug/compound/cid/96/PNG false
- Acetone 0.003 0.02 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetone false
- Acetylcholine 0.0000066 0.0000082 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetylcholine false
- Adrenocorticotropic Hormone 2.5e-8 1.2e-7 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrenocorticotropic_hormone false
- Alanine 0.000024 0.000076 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alanine false
- Aluminum 1e-8 8.8e-7 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium false
- Aldosterone 3e-9 3e-8 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldosterone false
- alpha-Aminobutyric acid 0.000001 0.000002 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha-Aminobutyric_acid false
- δ-Aminolevulinic acid 1.5e-7 2.3e-7 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aminolevulinic_acid false
- Ammonia 1e-7 4.9e-7 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammonia false
- Androstenedione 2e-10 3e-9 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Androstenedione false
- Androsterone 1.5e-7 1.5e-7 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Androsterone false
- Angiotensin I 1.1e-11 8.8e-11 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angiotensin_I false
- Angiotensin II 1.2e-12 3.6e-12 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angiotensin_II false
- Arginine 0.000013 0.000036 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arginine false
- Arsenic 2e-9 0.0000093 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenic false
- Aspartic acid 0.000009 0.000012 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspartic_acid false
- Bile acids 0.000003 0.00003 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bile_acid false
- Biotin 9e-9 1.6e-8 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biotin false
- Bradykinin 7e-11 7e-11 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bradykinin false
- Bromide 7e-9 1e-8 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bromide false
- Cadmium 1e-9 0.000003 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmium false
- Calcitonin 1e-10 1e-10 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcitonin false
- Carcinoembryonic antigen 0 2.5e-9 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carcinoembryonic_antigen false
- beta-Carotene 3e-7 0.0000025 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta-Carotene false
- Ceruloplasmin 0.00015 0.0006 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceruloplasmin false
- Cholecystokinin 6.04e-11 6.04e-11 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholecystokinin false
- Citric acid 0.000016 0.000032 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citric_acid false
- Citrulline 0.000002 0.00001 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citrulline false
- Compound S 1e-9 3e-9 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/21-Hydroxypregnenolone false
- Corticosterone 4e-9 2e-8 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corticosterone false
- C-peptide 5e-10 4e-9 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connecting_peptide false
- Cyanide 4e-9 0.000001 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyanide false
- Cysteine 0.000018 0.00005 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cysteine false
- Dehydroepiandrosterone 2e-10 2e-8 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dehydroepiandrosterone false
- Dihydrotestosterone 1e-9 8e-9 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dihydrotestosterone false
- 11-Deoxycortisol 1e-8 7e-8 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/11-Deoxycortisol false
- Dopamine 0 1.36e-10 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dopamine false
- Epidermal growth factor 0 1e-11 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidermal_growth_factor false
- Ergothioneine 0.00001 0.00002 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergothioneine false
- Erythropoietin 5e-10 8e-8 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erythropoietin false
- Estriol 0 0.00017 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estriol false
- Estrone 2.9e-9 1e-8 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estrone false
- alpha-1-Fetoprotein 0 2e-8 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha-fetoprotein false
- Flavin adenine dinucleotide 8e-8 1.2e-7 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavin_adenine_dinucleotide false
- Fluoride 1e-7 4.5e-7 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoride false
- Fructose 0.00007 0.00008 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fructose false
- Furosemide glucuronide 0.000001 0.0004 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furosemide false
- Galactose 0 0.0002 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galactose false
- Gastric Inhibitory Peptide (GIP) 1.25e-10 4e-10 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastric_inhibitory_polypeptide false
- Gastrin 0 2e-11 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastrin false
- Glucosamine 0.00042 0.00089 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucosamine false
- Glucuronic acid 0.000008 0.000011 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucuronic_acid false
- Glutamic acid 0.000002 0.000028 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glutamic_acid false
- Glutamine 0.000046 0.000106 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glutamine false
- Glutathione 0.00025 0.00041 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glutathione false
- Glycerol 0.0000029 0.0000172 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycerol false
- Glycogen 0.000012 0.000162 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycogen false
- Cyclic GMP 6e-10 4.4e-9 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclic_guanosine_monophosphate false
- Gonadotropin-releasing hormone 1e-12 8e-11 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gonadotropin-releasing_hormone false
- Guanidine 0.0000018 0.0000023 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guanidine false
- Haptoglobin 0.0003 0.0022 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haptoglobin false
- Hemoglobin 0.12 0.195 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemoglobin false
- Histamine 6.7e-8 8.6e-8 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histamine false
- beta-Hydroxybutyric acid 0.000001 0.000009 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta-Hydroxybutyric_acid false
- 17α-Hydroxycorticosteroids 4e-8 1e-7 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/17-Hydroxycorticosteroid false
- 17α-Hydroxyprogesterone 4e-12 3e-10 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/17-Hydroxyprogesterone false
- Indican 8e-7 0.000005 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indican false
- Insulin-like growth factor 9.9e-9 0.000005 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insulin-like_growth_factor_1 false
- alpha-Ketonic acids 0.000001 0.00003 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha-Ketonic_acid false
- Leptin 1.2e-9 1.2e-9 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leptin false
- Lecithin 0.001 0.00225 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lecithin false
- Lipoprotein 0.0001 0.001 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipoprotein false
- Lysozyme 0.000001 0.000015 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lysozyme false
- Malic acid 0.000001 0.000009 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malic_acid false
- Melatonin (Day) 1.35e-12 1.45e-12 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melatonin false
- Melatonin (Night) 6.07e-12 7.13e-12 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melatonin false
- Mercury 0 2e-7 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_(element) false
- Methemoglobin 0.0004 0.0006 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methemoglobin false
- Methyl guanidine 0.000002 0.000003 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylguanidine false
- Macrophage inflammatory protein 1-alpha 2.3e-10 2.3e-10 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCL3 false
- Macrophage inflammatory protein 1-beta 9e-10 9e-10 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCL4 false
- Mucopolysaccharides 0.00175 0.00225 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycosaminoglycan false
- Mucoproteins 0.000865 0.00096 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mucoprotein false
- Niacin 2e-7 0.000015 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niacin false
- Norepinephrine (after 15 min rest) 2.15e-10 4.75e-10 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norepinephrine false
- Norepinephrine (when emitted) 8.1e-9 8.5e-9 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norepinephrine false
- Nucleotide 0.00031 0.00052 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleotide false
- Ornithine 0.000004 0.000014 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ornithine false
- Oxytocin (male) 2e-12 2e-12 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxytocin false
- Oxytocin (female, nonlactating) 2e-12 2e-12 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxytocin false
- Oxytocin (female, pregnant 33-40 wks) 3.2e-10 4.8e-10 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxytocin false
- Pancreatic polypeptide 5e-11 2e-10 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancreatic_polypeptide false
- Pantothenic acid 6e-8 3.5e-7 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantothenic_acid false
- Para-aminobenzoic acid 3e-8 4e-8 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Para-Aminobenzoic_acid false
- Pentose 0.00002 0.000023 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentose false
- Phenol 7e-7 0.000001 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenol false
- Phenylalanine 0.000011 0.00004 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenylalanine false
- Phospholipid 0.00005 0.00012 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phospholipid false
- Phosphorus inorganic, adult 0.000023 0.000045 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphorus false
- Phosphorus inorganic, children 0.00004 0.00007 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphorus false
- Phosphorus total 0.0001 0.00015 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphorus false
- Phytanic acid 0 0.000003 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phytanic_acid false
- Platelet-derived growth factor 0 5e-8 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platelet-derived_growth_factor false
- Polysaccharides total 0.000073 0.000131 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polysaccharide false
- Pregnenolone 3e-10 2e-9 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pregnenolone false
- Progesterone (female, follicular) 4e-10 9e-10 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progesterone false
- Progesterone (female, midluteal) 7.7e-9 1.21e-8 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progesterone false
- Progesterone (pregnancy, weeks 16-18) 3e-9 6.6e-8 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progesterone false
- Progesterone (pregnancy, weeks 28-30) 7e-8 1.26e-7 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progesterone false
- Progesterone (pregnancy, weeks 38-40) 1.31e-7 2.27e-7 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progesterone false
- Progesterone (male) 1.2e-8 2e-8 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progesterone false
- Proinsulin fasting 5e-10 5e-10 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proinsulin false
- Proinsulin mean 1.42e-8 1.7e-8 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proinsulin false
- Prolactin (male, awake) 1e-9 7e-9 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prolactin false
- Prolactin (male, during sleep) 9e-9 2e-8 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prolactin false
- Prolactin (female, follicular) 0 2.3e-8 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prolactin false
- Prolactin (female, luteal) 5e-9 4e-8 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prolactin false
- Proline 0.000012 0.000057 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proline false
- Prostaglandin PGE 3.55e-11 4.15e-11 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prostaglandin_E2 false
- Prostaglandin PGF 1.26e-11 1.56e-11 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prostaglandin_F2alpha false
- 15-keto-PGF2a 0 5e-10 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/15-Keto-prostaglandin_F2alpha false
- 15-keto-PGE2 0 5e-11 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/15-Keto-prostaglandin_E2 false
- Protein total 0.06 0.083 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein false
- Protoporphyrin 2.7e-7 6.1e-7 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protoporphyrin false
- Pseudoglobulin I 0.008 0.019 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudoglobulin false
- Pseudoglobulin II 0.002 0.008 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudoglobulin false
- Purine total 0.0000095 0.0000115 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purine false
- Pyrimidine nucleotides 2e-7 0.0000012 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrimidine false
- Pyridoxine (Vitamin B6) 3.6e-9 9e-8 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyridoxine false
- RANTES 0 7e-11 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCL5 false
- Relaxin (day <100 preparturition) 0 2e-9 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relaxin false
- Relaxin (day 100 to 2 days preceding parturition) 5e-9 4e-8 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relaxin false
- Relaxin (day preceding parturition) 0.0001 0.0002 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relaxin false
- Relaxin (day following parturition) 0 2e-9 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relaxin false
- Retinol (Vitamin A) 1e-7 8e-7 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retinol false
- Riboflavin (Vitamin B2) 2.6e-8 3.7e-8 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riboflavin false
- RNA 0.00004 0.00006 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA false
- Secretin 2.9e-11 4.5e-11 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretin false
- Serine 0.000003 0.00002 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serine false
- Silicon 0.0000022 0.0000057 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon false
- Solids, total 0.08 0.09 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_dissolved_solids false
- Somatotropin (growth hormone) 4e-10 1.4e-7 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Growth_hormone false
- Sphingomyelin 0.001 0.004 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphingomyelin false
- Succinic acid 0.000005 0.000005 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Succinic_acid false
- Sugar, total 0.0007 0.0011 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugar false
- Sulfates inorganic 0.000008 0.000012 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfate false
- Sulfur total 0.031 0.038 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfur false
- Taurine 0.000003 0.000021 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taurine false
- Testosterone (male, free) 5.6e-9 1.02e-8 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testosterone false
- Testosterone (male, total) 2.75e-8 8.75e-8 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testosterone false
- Testosterone (female, free) 2.4e-12 3.8e-12 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testosterone false
- Testosterone (female, total) 2.3e-9 7.5e-9 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testosterone false
- Testosterone (female, pregnant) 3.8e-9 1.9e-8 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testosterone false
- Thiamine (Vitamin B1) 1e-8 9e-8 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiamine false
- Thiocyanate (nonsmoker) 0.000001 0.000004 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiocyanate false
- Thiocyanate (smoker) 0.000003 0.000012 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiocyanate false
- Threonine 9e-8 3.2e-7 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Threonine false
- Thyroglobulin (Tg) 0 5e-8 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thyroglobulin false
- Thyroid hormones 4e-8 8e-8 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thyroid_hormone false
- Thyroxine (FT4, free) 8e-12 2.4e-11 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thyroxine false
- Thyroxine (FT4, total) 4e-8 1.2e-7 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thyroxine false
- Thyroxine-binding prealbumin 0.00028 0.00035 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transthyretin false
- Thyroxine-binding globulin 1e-7 3.4e-7 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thyroxine-binding_globulin false
- Tin 0 1e-7 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tin false
- alpha-Tocopherol (Vitamin E) 0.000005 0.00002 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tocopherol false
- Transcortin (male) 0.000015 0.00002 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcortin false
- Transcortin (female) 0.000016 0.000025 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcortin false
- Transferrin (newborn) 0.0013 0.00275 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transferrin false
- Transferrin (adult) 0.0022 0.004 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transferrin false
- Transferrin (age >60 yrs) 0.0018 0.0038 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transferrin false
- Triiodothyronine (free) 2.3e-12 6.6e-12 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triiodothyronine false
- Triiodothyronine (total, T3) 7.5e-10 2.5e-9 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triiodothyronine false
- Tryptophan 0.000009 0.00003 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tryptophan false
- Tyrosine 0.000004 0.000025 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrosine false
- Uric acid (child) 0.00002 0.0000067 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uric_acid false
- Uric acid (adult, male) 0.000034 0.0000072 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uric_acid false
- Uric acid (adult, female) 0.000024 0.0000061 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uric_acid false
- Valine 0.0000017 0.0000042 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valine false
- Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) 6e-12 1.6e-11 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasoactive_intestinal_peptide false
- Vasopressin (hydrated) 4.5e-13 4.5e-13 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasopressin false
- Vasopressin (dehydrated) 3.7e-12 3.7e-12 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasopressin false
- Valproic acid 0.195 0.488 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valproic_acid Valproate false
- Lamotrigine 0.00586 0.0391 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamotrigine Lamictal false
- Carbamazepine 0.01693 0.05078 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbamazepine Tegretol false
- Olanzapine 0.00006401 0.00012803 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olanzapine Zyprexa false
- Quetiapine 0.0002608 0.0026077 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quetiapine Seroquel false
- Risperidone 0.00004873 0.00014619 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risperidone Risperdal false
- Aripiprazole 0.0003352 0.0011174 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aripiprazole Abilify false
- Ziprasidone https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziprasidone Geodon false
- Lurasidone https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lurasidone Latuda false
- Asenapine https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asenapine Saphris false
- Cariprazine https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cariprazine Vraylar false
- Paliperidone https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paliperidone Invega false
- Oxcarbazepine https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxcarbazepine Trileptal false
- Topiramate https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topiramate Topamax false
- Gabapentin https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabapentin Neurontin false
- Clozapine https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clozapine Clozaril false
- Haloperidol https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haloperidol Haldol false
- Chlorpromazine https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorpromazine Thorazine false
- Venlafaxine https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venlafaxine Effexor false
- Fluoxetine 0.0003879 0.0016163 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine Prozac false
- Bupropion https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bupropion Wellbutrin false
- Sertraline https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sertraline Zoloft false
- Paroxetine https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paroxetine Paxil false
- Escitalopram https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escitalopram Lexapro false
- Duloxetine https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duloxetine Cymbalta false
- Modafinil https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modafinil Provigil false
+ id bottom top canTestAtHome endogenous chemicalWikipediaPage diagram aka bloodTestWikipediaPage testAtLab testAtHome testByMail
+ Glucose 3.9 5.6 true https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucose https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug/compound/cid/5793/PNG https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_sugar https://www.questhealth.com/product/diabetes-risk-panel-94341M.html https://shop.keto-mojo.com/products/keto-mojo-gk-plus-blood-glucose-ketone-meter-basic-starter-kit
+ Lithium 0.4 1.2 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithium https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Lithium_paraffin.jpg/800px-Lithium_paraffin.jpg https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithium_pharmacology#Measurement https://www.ondemand.labcorp.com/lab-tests/lithium
+ Ketones 0 0.6 true https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketone_bodies https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug/compound/cid/180/PNG https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketone_bodies#Blood_testing https://www.walkinlab.com/products/view/ketone-blood-test https://shop.keto-mojo.com/products/keto-mojo-gk-plus-blood-glucose-ketone-meter-basic-starter-kit
+ Creatinine 0.06 0.12 true https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creatinine https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug/compound/cid/588/PNG https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creatinine#Blood_test https://www.ondemand.labcorp.com/lab-tests/creatinine-blood-test https://www.cvs.com/shop/diathrive-kidney-function-test-strips-15ct-prodid-1170071
+ Calcium 2.1 2.6 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug/compound/cid/5460341/PNG https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium_in_biology#Plasma https://www.questhealth.com/product/calcium-test-303M.html
+ HDL Cholesterol 1 1.5 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-density_lipoprotein https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug/compound/cid/24775087/PNG https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipid_profile https://www.ondemand.labcorp.com/lab-tests/lipid-panel https://www.everlywell.com/products/cholesterol-and-lipids-test/
+ Sodium 136 145 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug/compound/cid/5360545/PNG https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serum_sodium https://www.ondemand.labcorp.com/lab-tests/basic-metabolic-panel
+ Potassium 3.5 5.1 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassium https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug/compound/cid/5462222/PNG https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serum_potassium_test https://www.ondemand.labcorp.com/lab-tests/potassium-test
+ Chloride 98 107 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloride https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug/compound/cid/312/PNG https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serum_chloride https://www.ondemand.labcorp.com/lab-tests/chloride-blood-test
+ Urea 2.5 7.1 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urea https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug/compound/cid/1176/PNG https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_urea_nitrogen https://www.ondemand.labcorp.com/lab-tests/urea-nitrogen-bun
+ Phosphate 0.81 1.45 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphate https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug/compound/cid/1061/PNG https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphate_test https://www.ondemand.labcorp.com/lab-tests/phosphorus-test
+ Magnesium 0.66 1.07 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesium https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug/compound/cid/888/PNG https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesium_test https://www.ondemand.labcorp.com/lab-tests/magnesium-test
+ Iron 0.01 0.03 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug/compound/cid/23925/PNG https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serum_iron https://www.ondemand.labcorp.com/lab-tests/iron-and-total-iron-binding-capacity-tibc
+ Triglycerides 0.3 1.7 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triglyceride https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug/compound/cid/5460048/PNG https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triglyceride_test https://www.ondemand.labcorp.com/lab-tests/triglycerides-test
+ Albumin 0.57 0.8 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_serum_albumin https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug/compound/cid/16132389/PNG https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serum_albumin https://www.ondemand.labcorp.com/lab-tests/albumin-test
+ Total Protein 0.06 0.08 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Protein_TIM_barrel.png/1920px-Protein_TIM_barrel.png https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serum_total_protein https://www.ondemand.labcorp.com/lab-tests/total-protein-test
+ Bilirubin 0.003 0.02 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilirubin https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug/compound/cid/5280352/PNG https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilirubin_test https://www.ondemand.labcorp.com/lab-tests/bilirubin-total
+ Alkaline Phosphatase 0.5 1.5 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkaline_phosphatase https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/1ALK_Alkaline_Phosphatase.png/800px-1ALK_Alkaline_Phosphatase.png https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkaline_phosphatase#Blood_test https://www.ondemand.labcorp.com/lab-tests/alkaline-phosphatase-alp
+ Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST) 0.008 0.04 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspartate_transaminase https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/AST_dimer.png/800px-AST_dimer.png https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspartate_transaminase#Blood_test https://www.ondemand.labcorp.com/lab-tests/aspartate-aminotransferase-ast
+ Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT) 0.007 0.056 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alanine_transaminase https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Protein_ALT_PDB_1zgy.png/800px-Protein_ALT_PDB_1zgy.png https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alanine_transaminase#Blood_test https://www.ondemand.labcorp.com/lab-tests/alanine-aminotransferase-alt
+ Gamma-Glutamyl Transferase (GGT) 0.007 0.05 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma-glutamyltransferase https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/PDB_2z8x_EBI.jpg/800px-PDB_2z8x_EBI.jpg https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma-glutamyl_transferase#Blood_test https://www.ondemand.labcorp.com/lab-tests/gamma-glutamyl-transferase-ggt
+ Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) 0.0006 0.005 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thyroid-stimulating_hormone https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Thyrotropin.png/800px-Thyrotropin.png https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thyroid_function_tests#TSH_test https://www.ondemand.labcorp.com/lab-tests/thyroid-stimulating-hormone-tsh
+ Free Thyroxine (Free T4) 0.012 0.022 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thyroxine https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/L-Thyroxine.svg/1920px-L-Thyroxine.svg.png https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thyroid_function_tests#Free_T4 https://www.ondemand.labcorp.com/lab-tests/free-thyroxine-free-t4
+ Vitamin D 0.05 0.15 true https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_D https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Cholecalciferol.svg/1920px-Cholecalciferol.svg.png https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_D#Testing https://www.ondemand.labcorp.com/lab-tests/vitamin-d-25-hydroxy https://www.everlywell.com/products/vitamin-d-test/
+ Vitamin B12 0.0002 0.0007 true https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_B12 https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Cobalamin.png/1920px-Cobalamin.png https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_B12_deficiency#Diagnosis https://www.ondemand.labcorp.com/lab-tests/vitamin-b12 https://www.letsgetchecked.com/us/en/home-vitamin-test/
+ Folic Acid 0.0067 0.047 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folic_acid https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Folic_acid.svg/1920px-Folic_acid.svg.png https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folate_deficiency#Diagnosis https://www.ondemand.labcorp.com/lab-tests/folate
+ C-Reactive Protein (CRP) 0.008 0.01 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-reactive_protein https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/C-reactive_protein_pentamer_from_PDB_1b09.png/800px-C-reactive_protein_pentamer_from_PDB_1b09.png https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-reactive_protein#Blood_test https://www.ondemand.labcorp.com/lab-tests/c-reactive-protein-crp-high-sensitivity
+ Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR) 0.04 0.2 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erythrocyte_sedimentation_rate https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Westergren_ESR_tube.JPG/800px-Westergren_ESR_tube.JPG https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erythrocyte_sedimentation_rate https://www.ondemand.labcorp.com/lab-tests/sedimentation-rate-esr-westergren
+ Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) 1.67 3.17 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lactate_dehydrogenase https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Ldh_1i10.png/800px-Ldh_1i10.png https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lactate_dehydrogenase#Blood_test https://www.ondemand.labcorp.com/lab-tests/lactate-dehydrogenase-ldh
+ Cortisol 0.14 0.69 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortisol https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Cortisol2.svg/1920px-Cortisol2.svg.png https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortisol#Testing https://www.ondemand.labcorp.com/lab-tests/cortisol-am
+ Testosterone 0.01 0.03 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testosterone https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Testosterone.svg/1920px-Testosterone.svg.png https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testosterone#Testing https://www.ondemand.labcorp.com/lab-tests/testosterone-total
+ Estradiol 0.000037 0.000147 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estradiol https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Estradiol.svg/1920px-Estradiol.svg.png https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estradiol_test https://www.ondemand.labcorp.com/lab-tests/estradiol
+ Progesterone 0.0032 0.086 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progesterone https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Progesteron.svg/1920px-Progesteron.svg.png https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progesterone_test https://www.ondemand.labcorp.com/lab-tests/progesterone
+ Prolactin 0.000087 0.00019 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prolactin https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Protein_PRL_PDB_1n9d.png/800px-Protein_PRL_PDB_1n9d.png https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prolactin#Hyperprolactinaemia https://www.ondemand.labcorp.com/lab-tests/prolactin
+ Ferritin 0.000067 0.0004 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferritin https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Ferritin.png/800px-Ferritin.png https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferritin_test https://www.ondemand.labcorp.com/lab-tests/ferritin
+ Homocysteine 0.005 0.015 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homocysteine https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Homocysteine-2D-skeletal.png/1920px-Homocysteine-2D-skeletal.png https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homocysteine#Blood_tests https://www.ondemand.labcorp.com/lab-tests/homocysteine
+ Lipase 0.00012 0.00075 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipase https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Lipase_1lpa.png/800px-Lipase_1lpa.png https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipase_test https://www.ondemand.labcorp.com/lab-tests/lipase
+ Amylase 0.0012 0.0053 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amylase https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Amylase_1smda.png/800px-Amylase_1smda.png https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amylase#Blood_test https://www.ondemand.labcorp.com/lab-tests/amylase
+ Ceruloplasmin 0.0015 0.006 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceruloplasmin https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Protein_CP_PDB_1kcw.png/800px-Protein_CP_PDB_1kcw.png https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceruloplasmin#Measurement https://www.ondemand.labcorp.com/lab-tests/ceruloplasmin
+ Ammonia 0.011 0.051 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammonia https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Ammonia-3D-balls.png/800px-Ammonia-3D-balls.png https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperammonemia#Diagnosis https://www.ondemand.labcorp.com/lab-tests/ammonia
+ Beta-2 Microglobulin (B2M) 0.001 0.003 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta-2_microglobulin https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/B2MG_dimer.png/800px-B2MG_dimer.png https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta-2_microglobulin#Blood_test https://www.ondemand.labcorp.com/lab-tests/beta-2-microglobulin-b2m
+ Copper 0.0118 0.0236 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug/compound/cid/23978/PNG https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper_in_health#Blood_test https://www.ondemand.labcorp.com/lab-tests/copper-serum
+ Pyruvate 0.03 0.1 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyruvic_acid https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug/compound/cid/107735/PNG https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyruvic_acid#Blood_test https://www.mayocliniclabs.com/test-catalog/Clinical+and+Interpretive/8663
+ Uric Acid 0.18 0.42 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uric_acid https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug/compound/cid/1175/PNG https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uric_acid#Blood_test https://www.ondemand.labcorp.com/lab-tests/uric-acid
+ Zinc 0.0076 0.0153 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinc https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug/compound/cid/23994/PNG https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinc#Deficiency https://www.ondemand.labcorp.com/lab-tests/zinc
+ Creatine Kinase 0.22 3.33 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creatine_kinase https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Creatine_kinase.png/800px-Creatine_kinase.png https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creatine_kinase#Blood_test https://www.ondemand.labcorp.com/lab-tests/creatine-kinase-ck-cpk
+ Troponin 0 0.0004 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troponin https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Troponin_Complex_2.png/800px-Troponin_Complex_2.png https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troponin_test https://www.ondemand.labcorp.com/lab-tests/troponin-i
+ Folate (Serum) 0.0067 0.047 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folate https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug/compound/cid/135398658/PNG https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folate_deficiency#Diagnosis https://www.ondemand.labcorp.com/lab-tests/folate
+ Vitamin A 0.0007 0.0036 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_A https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug/compound/cid/445354/PNG https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_A_deficiency#Diagnosis https://www.ondemand.labcorp.com/lab-tests/vitamin-a
+ Vitamin C 0.023 0.085 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_C https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug/compound/cid/54670067/PNG https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_C_deficiency#Diagnosis https://www.ondemand.labcorp.com/lab-tests/vitamin-c
+ Alpha Fetoprotein 0 0.000008 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha-fetoprotein https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Protein_AFP_PDB_1e7a.png/800px-Protein_AFP_PDB_1e7a.png https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha-fetoprotein_test https://www.ondemand.labcorp.com/lab-tests/alpha-fetoprotein-tumor-marker
+ Beta Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (HCG) 0 0.005 true https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_chorionic_gonadotropin https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Chorionic_gonadotropin_PDB_1hrp.png/800px-Chorionic_gonadotropin_PDB_1hrp.png https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_chorionic_gonadotropin#Blood_test https://www.ondemand.labcorp.com/lab-tests/hcg-quantitative-pregnancy
+ CA19.9 0 0.000037 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CA19-9 https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/CA19-9.svg/1920px-CA19-9.svg.png https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CA19-9#Blood_test https://www.ondemand.labcorp.com/lab-tests/cancer-antigen-19-9
+ Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA) 0 0.0000025 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carcinoembryonic_antigen https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Protein_CEA_PDB_2qy0.png/800px-Protein_CEA_PDB_2qy0.png https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carcinoembryonic_antigen#Blood_test https://www.ondemand.labcorp.com/lab-tests/carcinoembryonic-antigen-cea
+ Prostatic Acid Phosphatase (PAP) 0 0.002 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prostatic_acid_phosphatase https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Protein_ACPP_PDB_1nd6.png/800px-Protein_ACPP_PDB_1nd6.png https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prostatic_acid_phosphatase#Medical_uses https://www.ondemand.labcorp.com/lab-tests/prostatic-acid-phosphatase-pap
+ Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA) 0 0.004 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prostate-specific_antigen https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Protein_KLK3_PDB_2zch.png/800px-Protein_KLK3_PDB_2zch.png https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prostate-specific_antigen#Blood_test https://www.ondemand.labcorp.com/lab-tests/prostate-specific-antigen-psa-total
+ Alpha 1-Antitrypsin 0.02 0.048 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha-1_antitrypsin https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Protein_SERPINA1_PDB_1hp7.png/800px-Protein_SERPINA1_PDB_1hp7.png https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_1-antitrypsin_deficiency#Diagnosis https://www.ondemand.labcorp.com/lab-tests/alpha-1-antitrypsin
+ Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 0.01 0.085 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angiotensin-converting_enzyme https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Protein_ACE_PDB_2c6f.png/800px-Protein_ACE_PDB_2c6f.png https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angiotensin-converting_enzyme#Blood_test https://www.ondemand.labcorp.com/lab-tests/angiotensin-converting-enzyme-ace
+ D-Dimer 0 0.0005 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D-dimer https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Fibrin_fragment_D-dimer.png/800px-Fibrin_fragment_D-dimer.png https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D-dimer_test https://www.ondemand.labcorp.com/lab-tests/d-dimer-quantitative
+ Lead 0 0.00024 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug/compound/cid/5352425/PNG https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead_poisoning#Diagnosis https://www.ondemand.labcorp.com/lab-tests/lead
+ Rheumatoid Factor 0 0.015 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rheumatoid_factor https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/IgM_Pentamer.svg/1280px-IgM_Pentamer.svg.png https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rheumatoid_factor#Blood_test https://www.ondemand.labcorp.com/lab-tests/rheumatoid-factor
+ Triiodothyronine (T3) 0.0012 0.003 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triiodothyronine https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug/compound/cid/5920/PNG https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thyroid_function_tests#T3 https://www.ondemand.labcorp.com/lab-tests/t3-total
+ Acetoacetate 0.004 0.043 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetoacetate https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug/compound/cid/96/PNG
+ Acetone 0.003 0.02 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetone
+ Acetylcholine 0.0000066 0.0000082 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetylcholine
+ Adrenocorticotropic Hormone 2.5e-8 1.2e-7 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrenocorticotropic_hormone
+ Alanine 0.000024 0.000076 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alanine
+ Aluminum 1e-8 8.8e-7 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium
+ Aldosterone 3e-9 3e-8 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldosterone
+ alpha-Aminobutyric acid 0.000001 0.000002 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha-Aminobutyric_acid
+ δ-Aminolevulinic acid 1.5e-7 2.3e-7 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aminolevulinic_acid
+ Ammonia 1e-7 4.9e-7 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammonia
+ Androstenedione 2e-10 3e-9 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Androstenedione
+ Androsterone 1.5e-7 1.5e-7 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Androsterone
+ Angiotensin I 1.1e-11 8.8e-11 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angiotensin_I
+ Angiotensin II 1.2e-12 3.6e-12 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angiotensin_II
+ Arginine 0.000013 0.000036 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arginine
+ Arsenic 2e-9 0.0000093 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenic
+ Aspartic acid 0.000009 0.000012 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspartic_acid
+ Bile acids 0.000003 0.00003 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bile_acid
+ Biotin 9e-9 1.6e-8 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biotin
+ Bradykinin 7e-11 7e-11 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bradykinin
+ Bromide 7e-9 1e-8 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bromide
+ Cadmium 1e-9 0.000003 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmium
+ Calcitonin 1e-10 1e-10 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcitonin
+ Carcinoembryonic antigen 0 2.5e-9 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carcinoembryonic_antigen
+ beta-Carotene 3e-7 0.0000025 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta-Carotene
+ Ceruloplasmin 0.00015 0.0006 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceruloplasmin
+ Cholecystokinin 6.04e-11 6.04e-11 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholecystokinin
+ Citric acid 0.000016 0.000032 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citric_acid
+ Citrulline 0.000002 0.00001 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citrulline
+ Compound S 1e-9 3e-9 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/21-Hydroxypregnenolone
+ Corticosterone 4e-9 2e-8 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corticosterone
+ C-peptide 5e-10 4e-9 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connecting_peptide
+ Cyanide 4e-9 0.000001 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyanide
+ Cysteine 0.000018 0.00005 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cysteine
+ Dehydroepiandrosterone 2e-10 2e-8 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dehydroepiandrosterone
+ Dihydrotestosterone 1e-9 8e-9 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dihydrotestosterone
+ 11-Deoxycortisol 1e-8 7e-8 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/11-Deoxycortisol
+ Dopamine 0 1.36e-10 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dopamine
+ Epidermal growth factor 0 1e-11 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidermal_growth_factor
+ Ergothioneine 0.00001 0.00002 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergothioneine
+ Erythropoietin 5e-10 8e-8 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erythropoietin
+ Estriol 0 0.00017 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estriol
+ Estrone 2.9e-9 1e-8 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estrone
+ alpha-1-Fetoprotein 0 2e-8 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha-fetoprotein
+ Flavin adenine dinucleotide 8e-8 1.2e-7 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavin_adenine_dinucleotide
+ Fluoride 1e-7 4.5e-7 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoride
+ Fructose 0.00007 0.00008 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fructose
+ Furosemide glucuronide 0.000001 0.0004 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furosemide
+ Galactose 0 0.0002 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galactose
+ Gastric Inhibitory Peptide (GIP) 1.25e-10 4e-10 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastric_inhibitory_polypeptide
+ Gastrin 0 2e-11 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastrin
+ Glucosamine 0.00042 0.00089 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucosamine
+ Glucuronic acid 0.000008 0.000011 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucuronic_acid
+ Glutamic acid 0.000002 0.000028 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glutamic_acid
+ Glutamine 0.000046 0.000106 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glutamine
+ Glutathione 0.00025 0.00041 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glutathione
+ Glycerol 0.0000029 0.0000172 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycerol
+ Glycogen 0.000012 0.000162 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycogen
+ Cyclic GMP 6e-10 4.4e-9 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclic_guanosine_monophosphate
+ Gonadotropin-releasing hormone 1e-12 8e-11 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gonadotropin-releasing_hormone
+ Guanidine 0.0000018 0.0000023 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guanidine
+ Haptoglobin 0.0003 0.0022 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haptoglobin
+ Hemoglobin 0.12 0.195 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemoglobin
+ Histamine 6.7e-8 8.6e-8 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histamine
+ beta-Hydroxybutyric acid 0.000001 0.000009 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta-Hydroxybutyric_acid
+ 17α-Hydroxycorticosteroids 4e-8 1e-7 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/17-Hydroxycorticosteroid
+ 17α-Hydroxyprogesterone 4e-12 3e-10 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/17-Hydroxyprogesterone
+ Indican 8e-7 0.000005 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indican
+ Insulin-like growth factor 9.9e-9 0.000005 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insulin-like_growth_factor_1
+ alpha-Ketonic acids 0.000001 0.00003 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha-Ketonic_acid
+ Leptin 1.2e-9 1.2e-9 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leptin
+ Lecithin 0.001 0.00225 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lecithin
+ Lipoprotein 0.0001 0.001 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipoprotein
+ Lysozyme 0.000001 0.000015 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lysozyme
+ Malic acid 0.000001 0.000009 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malic_acid
+ Melatonin (Day) 1.35e-12 1.45e-12 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melatonin
+ Melatonin (Night) 6.07e-12 7.13e-12 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melatonin
+ Mercury 0 2e-7 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_(element)
+ Methemoglobin 0.0004 0.0006 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methemoglobin
+ Methyl guanidine 0.000002 0.000003 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylguanidine
+ Macrophage inflammatory protein 1-alpha 2.3e-10 2.3e-10 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCL3
+ Macrophage inflammatory protein 1-beta 9e-10 9e-10 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCL4
+ Mucopolysaccharides 0.00175 0.00225 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycosaminoglycan
+ Mucoproteins 0.000865 0.00096 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mucoprotein
+ Niacin 2e-7 0.000015 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niacin
+ Norepinephrine (after 15 min rest) 2.15e-10 4.75e-10 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norepinephrine
+ Norepinephrine (when emitted) 8.1e-9 8.5e-9 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norepinephrine
+ Nucleotide 0.00031 0.00052 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleotide
+ Ornithine 0.000004 0.000014 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ornithine
+ Oxytocin (male) 2e-12 2e-12 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxytocin
+ Oxytocin (female, nonlactating) 2e-12 2e-12 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxytocin
+ Oxytocin (female, pregnant 33-40 wks) 3.2e-10 4.8e-10 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxytocin
+ Pancreatic polypeptide 5e-11 2e-10 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancreatic_polypeptide
+ Pantothenic acid 6e-8 3.5e-7 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantothenic_acid
+ Para-aminobenzoic acid 3e-8 4e-8 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Para-Aminobenzoic_acid
+ Pentose 0.00002 0.000023 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentose
+ Phenol 7e-7 0.000001 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenol
+ Phenylalanine 0.000011 0.00004 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenylalanine
+ Phospholipid 0.00005 0.00012 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phospholipid
+ Phosphorus inorganic, adult 0.000023 0.000045 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphorus
+ Phosphorus inorganic, children 0.00004 0.00007 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphorus
+ Phosphorus total 0.0001 0.00015 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphorus
+ Phytanic acid 0 0.000003 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phytanic_acid
+ Platelet-derived growth factor 0 5e-8 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platelet-derived_growth_factor
+ Polysaccharides total 0.000073 0.000131 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polysaccharide
+ Pregnenolone 3e-10 2e-9 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pregnenolone
+ Progesterone (female, follicular) 4e-10 9e-10 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progesterone
+ Progesterone (female, midluteal) 7.7e-9 1.21e-8 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progesterone
+ Progesterone (pregnancy, weeks 16-18) 3e-9 6.6e-8 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progesterone
+ Progesterone (pregnancy, weeks 28-30) 7e-8 1.26e-7 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progesterone
+ Progesterone (pregnancy, weeks 38-40) 1.31e-7 2.27e-7 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progesterone
+ Progesterone (male) 1.2e-8 2e-8 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progesterone
+ Proinsulin fasting 5e-10 5e-10 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proinsulin
+ Proinsulin mean 1.42e-8 1.7e-8 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proinsulin
+ Prolactin (male, awake) 1e-9 7e-9 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prolactin
+ Prolactin (male, during sleep) 9e-9 2e-8 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prolactin
+ Prolactin (female, follicular) 0 2.3e-8 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prolactin
+ Prolactin (female, luteal) 5e-9 4e-8 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prolactin
+ Proline 0.000012 0.000057 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proline
+ Prostaglandin PGE 3.55e-11 4.15e-11 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prostaglandin_E2
+ Prostaglandin PGF 1.26e-11 1.56e-11 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prostaglandin_F2alpha
+ 15-keto-PGF2a 0 5e-10 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/15-Keto-prostaglandin_F2alpha
+ 15-keto-PGE2 0 5e-11 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/15-Keto-prostaglandin_E2
+ Protein total 0.06 0.083 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein
+ Protoporphyrin 2.7e-7 6.1e-7 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protoporphyrin
+ Pseudoglobulin I 0.008 0.019 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudoglobulin
+ Pseudoglobulin II 0.002 0.008 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudoglobulin
+ Purine total 0.0000095 0.0000115 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purine
+ Pyrimidine nucleotides 2e-7 0.0000012 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrimidine
+ Pyridoxine (Vitamin B6) 3.6e-9 9e-8 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyridoxine
+ RANTES 0 7e-11 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCL5
+ Relaxin (day <100 preparturition) 0 2e-9 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relaxin
+ Relaxin (day 100 to 2 days preceding parturition) 5e-9 4e-8 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relaxin
+ Relaxin (day preceding parturition) 0.0001 0.0002 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relaxin
+ Relaxin (day following parturition) 0 2e-9 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relaxin
+ Retinol (Vitamin A) 1e-7 8e-7 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retinol
+ Riboflavin (Vitamin B2) 2.6e-8 3.7e-8 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riboflavin
+ RNA 0.00004 0.00006 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA
+ Secretin 2.9e-11 4.5e-11 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretin
+ Serine 0.000003 0.00002 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serine
+ Silicon 0.0000022 0.0000057 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon
+ Solids, total 0.08 0.09 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_dissolved_solids
+ Somatotropin (growth hormone) 4e-10 1.4e-7 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Growth_hormone
+ Sphingomyelin 0.001 0.004 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphingomyelin
+ Succinic acid 0.000005 0.000005 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Succinic_acid
+ Sugar, total 0.0007 0.0011 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugar
+ Sulfates inorganic 0.000008 0.000012 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfate
+ Sulfur total 0.031 0.038 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfur
+ Taurine 0.000003 0.000021 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taurine
+ Testosterone (male, free) 5.6e-9 1.02e-8 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testosterone
+ Testosterone (male, total) 2.75e-8 8.75e-8 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testosterone
+ Testosterone (female, free) 2.4e-12 3.8e-12 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testosterone
+ Testosterone (female, total) 2.3e-9 7.5e-9 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testosterone
+ Testosterone (female, pregnant) 3.8e-9 1.9e-8 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testosterone
+ Thiamine (Vitamin B1) 1e-8 9e-8 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiamine
+ Thiocyanate (nonsmoker) 0.000001 0.000004 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiocyanate
+ Thiocyanate (smoker) 0.000003 0.000012 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiocyanate
+ Threonine 9e-8 3.2e-7 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Threonine
+ Thyroglobulin (Tg) 0 5e-8 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thyroglobulin
+ Thyroid hormones 4e-8 8e-8 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thyroid_hormone
+ Thyroxine (FT4, free) 8e-12 2.4e-11 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thyroxine
+ Thyroxine (FT4, total) 4e-8 1.2e-7 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thyroxine
+ Thyroxine-binding prealbumin 0.00028 0.00035 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transthyretin
+ Thyroxine-binding globulin 1e-7 3.4e-7 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thyroxine-binding_globulin
+ Tin 0 1e-7 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tin
+ alpha-Tocopherol (Vitamin E) 0.000005 0.00002 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tocopherol
+ Transcortin (male) 0.000015 0.00002 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcortin
+ Transcortin (female) 0.000016 0.000025 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcortin
+ Transferrin (newborn) 0.0013 0.00275 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transferrin
+ Transferrin (adult) 0.0022 0.004 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transferrin
+ Transferrin (age >60 yrs) 0.0018 0.0038 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transferrin
+ Triiodothyronine (free) 2.3e-12 6.6e-12 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triiodothyronine
+ Triiodothyronine (total, T3) 7.5e-10 2.5e-9 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triiodothyronine
+ Tryptophan 0.000009 0.00003 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tryptophan
+ Tyrosine 0.000004 0.000025 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrosine
+ Uric acid (child) 0.00002 0.0000067 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uric_acid
+ Uric acid (adult, male) 0.000034 0.0000072 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uric_acid
+ Uric acid (adult, female) 0.000024 0.0000061 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uric_acid
+ Valine 0.0000017 0.0000042 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valine
+ Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) 6e-12 1.6e-11 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasoactive_intestinal_peptide
+ Vasopressin (hydrated) 4.5e-13 4.5e-13 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasopressin
+ Vasopressin (dehydrated) 3.7e-12 3.7e-12 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasopressin
+ Valproic acid 0.195 0.488 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valproic_acid Valproate
+ Lamotrigine 0.00586 0.0391 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamotrigine Lamictal
+ Carbamazepine 0.01693 0.05078 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbamazepine Tegretol
+ Olanzapine 0.00006401 0.00012803 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olanzapine Zyprexa
+ Quetiapine 0.0002608 0.0026077 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quetiapine Seroquel
+ Risperidone 0.00004873 0.00014619 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risperidone Risperdal
+ Aripiprazole 0.0003352 0.0011174 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aripiprazole Abilify
+ Ziprasidone false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziprasidone Geodon
+ Lurasidone false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lurasidone Latuda
+ Asenapine false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asenapine Saphris
+ Cariprazine false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cariprazine Vraylar
+ Paliperidone false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paliperidone Invega
+ Oxcarbazepine false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxcarbazepine Trileptal
+ Topiramate false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topiramate Topamax
+ Gabapentin false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabapentin Neurontin
+ Clozapine false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clozapine Clozaril
+ Haloperidol false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haloperidol Haldol
+ Chlorpromazine false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorpromazine Thorazine
+ Venlafaxine false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venlafaxine Effexor
+ Fluoxetine 0.0003879 0.0016163 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine Prozac
+ Bupropion false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bupropion Wellbutrin
+ Sertraline false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sertraline Zoloft
+ Paroxetine false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paroxetine Paxil
+ Escitalopram false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escitalopram Lexapro
+ Duloxetine false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duloxetine Cymbalta
+ Modafinil false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modafinil Provigil
basic.scroll
Changed around line 26: The 157 pages of source code contain zero mentions of Kemeny, Kurtz or Dartmouth
+ center
basic.scroll
Changed around line 24: To celebrate its 50th, Microsoft released the source code to their first product
+ ****
+
+ Related posts
+ freedom.html
+
basic.scroll
Changed around line 1
+ date 4/10/2025
+ tags All IntellectualFreedom
+ title A funny thing about the original Microsoft Source Code
+
+ singleHeader.scroll
+ printDate
+
+ In 1976, Bill Gates accused computer users of "stealing" software.
+ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Open_Letter_to_Hobbyists accused
+
+ ***
+
+ BASIC is a language created at Dartmouth in 1964 by John Kemeny and Thomas Kurtz.
+ https://pldb.io/concepts/basic.html BASIC
+ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_G._Kemeny John Kemeny
+ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_E._Kurtz Thomas Kurtz
+
+ To celebrate its 50th, Microsoft released the source code to their first product, Altair BASIC, written in 1975.
+ https://www.gatesnotes.com/home/home-page-topic/reader/microsoft-original-source-code celebrate
+ https://github.com/microsoft/GW-BASIC source code
+ https://pldb.io/concepts/altair-basic.html Altair BASIC
+
+ ***
+
+ The 157 pages of source code contain zero mentions of Kemeny, Kurtz or Dartmouth.
+
+ footer.scroll
package.json
Changed around line 18
- "scroll-cli": "^175.1.0"
+ "scroll-cli": "^177.0.0"
emailBanner.scroll
Changed around line 30
- }
+ }
honestWork.scroll
Changed around line 38: br 2
- // do the best you can when in a dishonest system
+ // do the best you can when in a dishonest system
short.scroll
Changed around line 1
+ tags categoryPages
- tags categoryPages
emailBanner.scroll
Changed around line 9
- class closeBannerButton
+ class closeBannerButton
2024.scroll
Changed around line 117: Thanks for reading.
- Breck
-
aaron.scroll
Changed around line 74: The kind of people I think may be ready to organize would be lovers of open sour
-
-
-
about.scroll
Changed around line 9: You can find me on github or contact me via email. breck7 at google's awesome ma
-
asWeMayThink.scroll
Changed around line 1
- theme gazette
-
+ theme gazette
bipolarOnion.scroll
Changed around line 11: endColumns
-
copyrightIsDishonest.scroll
Changed around line 68: I salute and lend my hands to the honest men who contribute symbols to the great
-
greatestPrompt.scroll
Changed around line 4: title The Greatest Prompt in the World
-
how-the-public-domain-can-win.scroll
Changed around line 1
- replace KEYMESSAGE Public domain products are strictly superior to equivalent non-public domain alternatives by a significant margin on three dimensions: trust, speed, and cost to build.
+ replace KEYMESSAGE Public domain products are strictly superior to equivalent non-public domain alternatives by a significant margin on three dimensions: trust, speed, and cost to build.
iThoughtWeCouldBuildAIExpertsByHand.scroll
Changed around line 146: CancerDB would be a good domain to test this model, as there are already a lot o
-
ifa.scroll
Changed around line 1
- redirectTo aaron.html
+ redirectTo aaron.html
lab.scroll
Changed around line 1
- replace COMMITMENT 31
- replace PRICE $499,999
+ replace COMMITMENT 31
+ replace PRICE $499,999
market.scroll
Changed around line 67: You get to create new offerings, put them out there in the marketplace, and list
-
mathematics.scroll
Changed around line 74: mathematics/euclid.png
- On Proof and Progress in Mathematics (1994)
-
microverses.scroll
Changed around line 79: visibleSince 1970
+
nanoideas.scroll
Changed around line 42: There is nothing wrong with having big ideas. But sometimes the best way to mate
- High Impact Thoughts (2024)
-
optimizingForTruth.scroll
Changed around line 4: title Optimizing for Truth
-
scales.scroll
Changed around line 1
+ keywords scales measurements metrics dimensions comparibility
- keywords scales measurements metrics dimensions comparibility
Changed around line 88: I just want to make sure I am deliberately thinking enough about them. If you me
-
science.scroll
Changed around line 1
+ openGraphImage WhatScienceMayBe.jpg
Changed around line 16: pdf | txt
- openGraphImage WhatScienceMayBe.jpg
-
singleHeader.scroll
Changed around line 2: importOnly
- printTitle
+ printTitle
standardPost.scroll
Changed around line 6: printAuthors
- footer
+ moveToFooter
thinkingInParsers.scroll
Changed around line 210: From an XML perspective, think of Parsers as XML with a much slimmer syntax and
-
trust.scroll
Changed around line 41: You want to maximize the choppability of the object.
-
tsort.scroll
Changed around line 77: If we are talking about the words, that might be easy to determine with a good e
-
whatIsParticles.scroll
Changed around line 84: quiz How many atoms does a blank line have?
-
whyDefineANewLanguage.scroll
Changed around line 18: Too few restrictions and someone can write anything, yet communicate nothing.
- Even plain text files, which may seem at first to have no rules, have many.
+ Even plain text files, which may seem at first to have no rules, have many.
Changed around line 95: The new set of restrictions in the PPS stack allow us to do the same things in m
- ****
+ ****
mitocycle.scroll
Changed around line 59: mitos.jpg
- width 420px
+ width 420
- width 420px
+ width 420
settings.scroll
Changed around line 1
- authors Breck Yunits
- https://twitter.com/breckyunits Breck Yunits
- baseUrl https://breckyunits.com/
- rssFeedUrl feed.xml
- editBaseUrl edit.html?fileName=
+ authors Breck Yunits
+ https://twitter.com/breckyunits Breck Yunits
+ baseUrl https://breckyunits.com/
+ rssFeedUrl feed.xml
+ editBaseUrl edit.html?fileName=
standardPost.scroll
Changed around line 6: printAuthors
- footer
+ footer
couldInVitroBrainsPowerAI.scroll
Changed around line 67: I have no conclusions yet. If I tried to reach conclusions on these ideas before
+ Edit 4/5/2025. We're getting closer: Cortical Labs
+ https://corticallabs.com/ Cortical Labs
+
comics.scroll
Changed around line 6: printTitle
+ center 4/05/2025
+
+ # The Lisp Enlightenment Trap
+ comics/lispet.png
+
+ ***
+
comics/lispet.png
lispet.scroll
Changed around line 1
+ date 4/05/2025
+ tags All Programming Comics
+ title The Lisp Enlightenment Trap
+
+ singleHeader.scroll
+
+ comics/lispet.png
+
+ More Comics
+ comics.html
+
+ footer.scroll
focus.scroll
Changed around line 1
- tags All Startups Life
+ tags All Startups Life Focus
Changed around line 64: Focusing is the thing to practice.
+ # Related Reading
+ printRelated Focus
insist-on-focus.scroll
Changed around line 1
- tags All Startups OtherAuthor
+ tags All Startups OtherAuthor Focus
science.scroll
Changed around line 5: css
- standardPost.scroll
+
+ header.scroll
+ printTitle
+ center
+ pdf | txt
+ link WhatScienceMayBe.pdf pdf
+ link science.txt txt
+ printAuthors
+ printDate
+
Changed around line 72: A number of developments have made it more feasible than ever to build this syst
+
+ footer.scroll
science.scroll
Changed around line 4: title What Science May Be
- // container 530px
+ container 530px
- thinColumns 2
+ // thinColumns 2
WhatScienceMayBe.jpg
WhatScienceMayBe.pdf
science.scroll
Changed around line 4: title What Science May Be
- container 530px
+ // container 530px
- // thinColumns 2
+ thinColumns 2
Changed around line 26: This file would allow everyone to get state-of-the-art, logical answers to any q
- How do we connect every word? A new language consisting of a simple universal syntax and list of objects called parsers would create an invisible wired grid.
-
- This file would be topologically ordered, meaning concepts are defined only out of already defined concepts. For example, addition and uncertainty would be defined before quantum mechanics.
+ How do we connect every word? A new language consisting of a simple universal syntax that denotes words and recursive blocks, along with type definitions called parsers, creates an invisible wired grid. A Reader moves down the blocks of the file, encountering new parsers or pattern matching words and blocks to existing parsers, and then loads blocks into memory for later computations.
+ This file would be topologically ordered, meaning concepts are defined only out of already defined concepts. For example, addition and uncertainty would be defined before quantum mechanics.
+
science.scroll
Changed around line 4: title What Science May Be
- // container 530px
+ container 530px
- thinColumns 2
+ // thinColumns 2
science.scroll
Changed around line 6: css
- theme prestige
Changed around line 15: We can embody all of science into a single fully connected text file.
+ theme prestige
WhatScienceMayBe.jpg
WhatScienceMayBe.pdf
science.scroll
Changed around line 1
+ date 2025-4-03 4
+ tags All Scroll Programming Science
+ title What Science May Be
+ css
+ .printAuthorsParser {text-transform: none !important;}
+ @media print {.abstractTextLinkParser {display: none !important;}}
+ // container 530px
+ standardPost.scroll
+ theme prestige
+ openGraphImage WhatScienceMayBe.jpg
+
+ thinColumns 2
+
+ We can embody all of science into a single fully connected text file.
+ class dropcap
+ style margin-top:0;
+
+ endSnippet
+
+ Scientists would contribute blocks to this file like they now contribute papers to journals and datasets to databases.
+
+ I estimate all of science would fit in 1 billion pages. If printed this would extend from here to the Moon.
+ // 99% anyway
+
+ This file would allow everyone to get state-of-the-art, logical answers to any question by querying every scientist, living and dead, all at once, on their own machines.
+
+ ***
+
+ How do we connect every word? A new language consisting of a simple universal syntax and list of objects called parsers would create an invisible wired grid.
+
+ This file would be topologically ordered, meaning concepts are defined only out of already defined concepts. For example, addition and uncertainty would be defined before quantum mechanics.
+
+ All words are typed and the file is mostly structured data, with exceptions for sections of visual and free-text data, called groundings.
+
+ Experimental procedures and actual scaled measurements would be found early and often, as reproducible experiments are the bedrock of science.
+
+ ***
+
+ To attract the huge energy required to build this file it must deliver value far before it is near complete. Domain specific sections of the file can be built separately in parallel and deliver immediate value even before integration. The tools needed to build this system are also useful for more down-to-earth tasks and these use cases could attract the energy necessary for the moonshot. For example, the same software needed for this file could also power simpler and more trustworthy blockchains.
+
+ Decentralization and forks would be encouraged and often merged back, and may on occasion lead to fracturing and different schools of science.
+
+ Believers in this system would want Freedom of Science laws that would protect the rights of individuals to create, improve, and share these files.
+
+ This system might be built by ten million scientists contributing an average of 100 pages each, or perhaps a far smaller team utilizing AIs.
+
+ ***
+
+ Think of these files as a new medium beyond articles, books, databases, encyclopedias, wikis, and LLMs.
+
+ The three major alternatives to this system, in order of connectedness, are libgen, which metaphorically glues all liberated books and scientific papers together at the edges with no integration; Wikipedia, which contains a shallow but broad collection of concepts with weak integration; and deep neural networks, which turn libgen, Wikipedia, and the web into an inscrutable matrix with incredible generation capabilities that strongly suggest embedded logical understanding (but also high energy requirements and hallucination tendencies).
+
+ This system differs from previous expert symbolic AI systems in the design of its language that allows it to scale to all of science.
+
+ ***
+
+ This file would instantly reveal what science knows and does not know; what concepts are needed to fully understand other concepts; what experiments one can do to verify key concepts; and what the actual contributions of new research are, measured in line changes.
+
+ In its transparency, simplicity and minimalism, this file would make science a physical thing that people could hold and trust.
+
+ A number of developments have made it more feasible than ever to build this system now, but the value this system would provide to humans is timeless.
+
+ ****
+
+ // Though nothing is fully predictable. Who knows how AI will change things, or what other surprises are ahead.
nanoideas.scroll
Changed around line 6: standardPost.scroll
- In biology, we know if it wasn't for a tiny dividing nucleic-cell pairing with a tiny dividing proto-mitochondria bacterium 2 billion years ago, we would not be here.
+ In biology, if it wasn't for a tiny dividing nucleic-cell pairing with a tiny dividing proto-mitochondria bacterium 2 billion years ago, we would not be here.
Changed around line 35: Moral values are nanoideas.
- There is nothing wrong with having big ideas. But sometimes the best way to build them is with nanoideas.
+ There is nothing wrong with having big ideas. But sometimes the best way to materialize them is by way of nanoideas.
settings.scroll
Changed around line 1
- importOnly
nanoideas.scroll
Changed around line 1
+ date 2025-4-03
+ tags All Society
+ title Nanoideas
+ container 530px
+ standardPost.scroll
+
+ The smallest improvements, compounded, have the biggest impact.
+
+ In biology, we know if it wasn't for a tiny dividing nucleic-cell pairing with a tiny dividing proto-mitochondria bacterium 2 billion years ago, we would not be here.
+
+ In computing, it's been the nanoscopic improvements to the transistor which have caused the biggest changes to the world in the past 50 years.
+
+ Let's call these things *nanoideas*.
+
+ ***
+
+ It follows from this that if you believe a big impact is needed you need to look not for big ideas but nanoideas-the smallest ideas that compound.
+
+ ***
+
+ To find better nanoideas as yourself questions like:
+ - Is there a version of this idea that's even smaller?
+ - Does this idea compound? How?
+ - How fast will this idea compound?
+
+ List all of your ideas and go into detail on their size and how they compound.
+
+ ***
+
+ Biological viruses are nanoideas.
+
+ Physics is full of nanoideas.
+
+ Moral values are nanoideas.
+
+ ***
+
+ There is nothing wrong with having big ideas. But sometimes the best way to build them is with nanoideas.
+
+ ****
+
+ # Related
+ - High Impact Thoughts (2024)
+ hits.html
+
copyrightIsDishonest.scroll
Changed around line 5: container 530px
- replace CHAINED *Chained*
- replace CHAINER *Chainer*
+ replace CHAINED *©hained*
+ replace CHAINER *©hainer*
insist-on-focus.scroll
Changed around line 1
- authors Others
- date 2021-02-28 2
- permalink insist-on-focus.html
- tags All Startups OtherAuthor
- title Insist on Focus - Keith Rabois describes working at PayPal
-
- header.scroll
-
- container 40ch
- printTitle
-
- I read an interesting Twitter thread on focus strategy. That led me to the 3-minute YouTube video Insist on Focus by Keith Rabois. I created the transcript below.
- dateline
- italics
- https://twitter.com/markkofman/status/1366030683118833665 focus strategy
- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fcohHIJr6Ns Insist on Focus
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith_Rabois Keith Rabois
-
- ***
-
- One of the fundamental lessons I learned from Peter Thiel at PayPal was the value of focus. Peter had this somewhat absurd, but classically Peter way of insisting on focus, which is that he would only allow every employee to work on one thing and every executive to speak about one thing at a time, and he distributed this focus throughout the entire organization. So everybody was assigned exactly one thing, and that was the only thing you were allowed to work on, the only thing you were allowed to report back to him about.
-
- My top initiatives shifted around over the years, but I'll give you a few. One was initially Visa, MasterCard really hated us. We were operating at the edge of their rules at the time. My number one problem was to stop MasterCard particularly, but Visa a bit from killing us. So until I had that risk taken off the table, Peter didn't want to hear about any of my other ideas.
-
- Once we put Visa, MasterCard into a pretty stable place than eBay also wanted to kill us. Wasn't very happy with us processing 70% of the payments on their platform, so that was my next problem.
-
- Then 9/11 happened and the US Treasury Department promulgated regulations, which would require us among other things to collect Social Security numbers from all of our buyers, which would have suppressed our payment volumes substantially. So then my number one initiative became convincing the treasury department to not propagate these regulations, right post 9/11.
-
- At some point, we also needed to diversify our revenue off of eBay. So that became another initiative for me. That one I did not solve that well, which in some way led to us eventually agreeing to be acquired.
-
- I had another number one problem, which was this publication called the Red Herring, had published this set of unflattering articles about us and how to fix that and rebuild the communications team.
-
- Peter would constantly just assign me new things. He didn't like the terms of our financial services relationship with the vendors that we were using, so I took on that team and fixed the economics of those relationships, et cetera, et cetera, but they were not done in parallel. They're basically sequential. The reason why this was such a successful strategy is that most people, perhaps all people tend to substitute from A-plus problems that are very difficult to solve, to be a plus problems, which you know a solution to, or you understand the path to solve.
-
- You have a checklist every morning. Imagine waking up, and a lot of people write checklists and things to accomplish. Most people have an A-plus problem, but they don't know the solution so they procrastinate on that solution? And then they go down the checklist to the second or third initiative where they know the answer and they'll go solve those problems and cross them off. The problem is if your entire organization is always solving the second, third or fourth most important thing, you never solve the first.
-
- So Peter's technique of forcing people to only work on one thing meant everybody had to work on the A-plus problems. And if every part of the organization once in a while can solve a problem that the rest of the world thinks is impossible, you wind up with an iconic company that the world's never seen before.
-
- I absolutely love the math behind this strategy. There are a few other terms to get right, but there's a fantastic idea here.
-
- ****
-
- footer.scroll
+ authors Others
+ date 2021-02-28 2
+ permalink insist-on-focus.html
+ tags All Startups OtherAuthor
+ title Insist on Focus - Keith Rabois describes working at PayPal
+
+ header.scroll
+
+ container 40ch
+ printTitle
+
+ I read an interesting Twitter thread on focus strategy. That led me to the 3-minute YouTube video Insist on Focus by Keith Rabois. I created the transcript below.
+ dateline
+ italics
+ https://twitter.com/markkofman/status/1366030683118833665 focus strategy
+ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fcohHIJr6Ns Insist on Focus
+ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith_Rabois Keith Rabois
+
+ ***
+
+ One of the fundamental lessons I learned from Peter Thiel at PayPal was the value of focus. Peter had this somewhat absurd, but classically Peter way of insisting on focus, which is that he would only allow every employee to work on one thing and every executive to speak about one thing at a time, and he distributed this focus throughout the entire organization. So everybody was assigned exactly one thing, and that was the only thing you were allowed to work on, the only thing you were allowed to report back to him about.
+
+ ## Examples
+
+ My top initiatives shifted around over the years, but I'll give you a few. One was initially Visa, MasterCard really hated us. We were operating at the edge of their rules at the time. My number one problem was to stop MasterCard particularly, but Visa a bit from killing us. So until I had that risk taken off the table, Peter didn't want to hear about any of my other ideas.
+
+ Once we put Visa, MasterCard into a pretty stable place than eBay also wanted to kill us. Wasn't very happy with us processing 70% of the payments on their platform, so that was my next problem.
+
+ Then 9/11 happened and the US Treasury Department promulgated regulations, which would require us among other things to collect Social Security numbers from all of our buyers, which would have suppressed our payment volumes substantially. So then my number one initiative became convincing the treasury department to not propagate these regulations, right post 9/11.
+
+ At some point, we also needed to diversify our revenue off of eBay. So that became another initiative for me. That one I did not solve that well, which in some way led to us eventually agreeing to be acquired.
+
+ I had another number one problem, which was this publication called the Red Herring, had published this set of unflattering articles about us and how to fix that and rebuild the communications team.
+
+ Peter would constantly just assign me new things. He didn't like the terms of our financial services relationship with the vendors that we were using, so I took on that team and fixed the economics of those relationships, et cetera, et cetera, but they were not done in parallel. They're basically sequential.
+
+ ## Why This Works
+
+ The reason why this was such a successful strategy is that most people, perhaps all people tend to substitute from A-plus problems that are very difficult to solve, to be a plus problems, which you know a solution to, or you understand the path to solve.
+
+ You have a checklist every morning. Imagine waking up, and a lot of people write checklists and things to accomplish. Most people have an A-plus problem, but they don't know the solution so they procrastinate on that solution? And then they go down the checklist to the second or third initiative where they know the answer and they'll go solve those problems and cross them off. The problem is if your entire organization is always solving the second, third or fourth most important thing, you never solve the first.
+
+ So Peter's technique of forcing people to only work on one thing meant everybody had to work on the A-plus problems. And if every part of the organization once in a while can solve a problem that the rest of the world thinks is impossible, you wind up with an iconic company that the world's never seen before.
+
+ I absolutely love the math behind this strategy. There are a few other terms to get right, but there's a fantastic idea here.
+
+ ****
+
+ footer.scroll
tsort.scroll
Changed around line 31: I am unaware of an encyclopedia sorted topologically.
- A topologically sorted encyclopedia would also be _hard to vary_. Computational logic tests would trigger if someone tried to add non-sense to a low level piece.
+ A topologically sorted encyclopedia would also be _hard to vary_. Computational logic tests would trigger if someone tried to add non-sense to a low level piece. You could tell how important something is by how hard it would be to vary-how much load do these symbols support?
- And when revolutionary new low-level scientific insights are discovered that refine our models, you can actually numerically see and measure the downstream impact of those breakthroughs.
+ When revolutionary new low-level scientific insights are discovered that refine our models, you could actually numerically see and measure the downstream impact of those breakthroughs.
scales.scroll
Changed around line 44: One of the most important scales is the computational complexity scale.
- Nature loves inequality, our universe has ~65 orders of magnitude buckets, and so rarely do 2 random things fall in the same bucket.
+ Nature loves inequality, the size scale of our universe is vast with ~65 orders of magnitude buckets, and so rarely do 2 random things fall in the same bucket.
Changed around line 59: You can draw a high dimensional dataset as just a lot of independent lines. Not
- Wikipedia does not make heavy use of scales. It relies more on unscaled narratives. I often wonder if the focus was more on adding data in typed dimensions, if it would allow it to become a more truthful symbolic model of the world.
+ Wikipedia does not make heavy use of scales. It relies more on unscaled narratives. I often wonder if the focus was more on adding scaled data-data in typed dimensions-if it would allow it to become a more truthful symbolic model of the world.
Changed around line 70: The more scales you have, the more trustworthy a model is.
- I often think about complexity scales. I proposed if you think in parsers you can measure the complexity of any idea. Perhaps the "parser" is a good unit for complexity. If two models of the world are equally intelligent, pick the less complex one - the one with fewer parsers.
+ I often think about complexity scales. I proposed if you think in parsers you can measure the complexity of any idea. Perhaps the "parser" is a good unit for a complexity scale. If two models of the world are equally intelligent, pick the less complex one - the one with fewer parsers.
copyrightIsDishonest.scroll
Changed around line 4: title The Consultation Problem and Why Copyright is Dishonest at its Core
- Symbols are for consulting.
+ replace FREE *Unchained*
+ replace CHAINED *Chained*
+ replace CHAINER *Chainer*
- Consulting consumes time.
+ Symbols are useless unless consulted.
- Everyone has finite time.
+ Consulting consumes energy.
+
+ Everyone has finite energy.
Changed around line 20: Consulting can be sequential or—via computation—simultaneous.
- The Unchained is all the symbols with no legal restrictions.
+ I call symbols with no legal restrictions the FREE.
- The Unchained is too large to be consulted sequentially.
+ The FREE is too large to be consulted sequentially.
- The Unchained can be consulted simultaneously.
+ The FREE can be consulted computationally and so simultaneously.
- The Chained is all the symbols with legal restrictions.
+ I call symbols with legal restrictions the CHAINED.
- The Chained is too large to be consulted sequentially.
+ The CHAINED is too large to be consulted sequentially.
- The Chained may not be consulted computationally and thus cannot be consulted simultaneously.
+ The CHAINED may not be consulted computationally and thus cannot be consulted simultaneously.
- Because the Chained may not be consulted computationally, consulting from the Chained and consulting from the Unchained are exclusive operations.
+ Because the CHAINED may not be consulted computationally, consulting from the CHAINED and consulting from the FREE are exclusive operations.
- Time sequentially consulting the Chained reduces time available for simultaneously consulting the Unchained.
+ Sequentially consulting the CHAINED reduces energy available for simultaneously consulting the FREE.
- Thus, the Chainer's implicit argument is that sequentially consulting their Chained symbols is worth more than simultaneously consulting the Unchained.
+ Thus, the CHAINER's implicit argument is that sequentially consulting their CHAINED symbols is worth more than simultaneously consulting the FREE.
- The Chainer mathematician argues their symbols are worth sequentially consulting over simultaneously consulting Euclid, Gauss, and Euler.
-
- The Chainer physicist argues their symbols are worth sequentially consulting over simultaneously consulting Newton, Maxwell, and Einstein.
-
- The Chainer musician argues their symbols are worth sequentially consulting over simultaneously consulting Bach, Beethoven, and Mozart.
+ replace VERB claims sequentially consulting their symbols is worth more than simultaneously consulting
- The Chainer biologist argues their symbols are worth sequentially consulting over simultaneously consulting Leeuwenhoek, Pasteur, and Darwin.
+ A CHAINER mathematician VERB Euclid, Gauss, and Euler.
+ A CHAINER physicist VERB Newton, Maxwell, and Einstein.
+ A CHAINER musician VERB Bach, Beethoven, and Mozart.
+ A CHAINER biologist VERB Leeuwenhoek, Pasteur, and Darwin.
+ A CHAINER artist VERB da Vinci, Rembrandt, and van Gogh.
+ A CHAINER author VERB Homer, Shakespeare, and Dostoevsky.
- The Chainer artist argues their symbols are worth sequentially consulting over simultaneously consulting da Vinci, Rembrandt, and van Gogh.
+ CHAINER*s* claim their symbols ought be treated with more consideration than the symbols of these greats.
- The Chainer author argues their symbols are worth sequentially consulting over simultaneously consulting Homer, Shakespeare, and Dostoevsky.
+ I hope you see why this is such a ridiculously dishonest position, and understand my visceral disgust for this behavior.
- I hope you see why this is such a ridiculously dishonest position, and understand my visceral disgust for this behavior.
-
- Copyright is the mark of the dishonest man.
+ © is the mark of the CHAINER. It is the mark of the dishonest man.
- I salute and lend my hands to the honest men who contribute symbols to the great Unchained. They have an honest estimation of their humble contributions in relation to the whole. It is on their shoulders that the future is built.
+ I salute and lend my hands to the honest men who contribute symbols to the great FREE. They have an honest estimation of their humble contributions in relation to the whole. It is on their shoulders that the future is built.
copyrightIsDishonest.scroll
Changed around line 58: I hope you see why this is such a ridiculously dishonest position, and understan
+ I salute and lend my hands to the honest men who contribute symbols to the great Unchained. They have an honest estimation of their humble contributions in relation to the whole. It is on their shoulders that the future is built.
+
+ center
copyrightIsDishonest.scroll
Changed around line 1
+ date 2025-3-25
+ tags All IntellectualFreedom Society
+ title The Consultation Problem and Why Copyright is Dishonest at its Core
+ container 530px
+ standardPost.scroll
+
+ Symbols are for consulting.
+
+ Consulting consumes time.
+
+ Everyone has finite time.
+
+ ***
+
+ Consulting can be sequential or—via computation—simultaneous.
+
+ ***
+
+ The Unchained is all the symbols with no legal restrictions.
+
+ The Unchained is too large to be consulted sequentially.
+
+ The Unchained can be consulted simultaneously.
+
+ ***
+
+ The Chained is all the symbols with legal restrictions.
+
+ The Chained is too large to be consulted sequentially.
+
+ The Chained may not be consulted computationally and thus cannot be consulted simultaneously.
+
+ ***
+
+ Because the Chained may not be consulted computationally, consulting from the Chained and consulting from the Unchained are exclusive operations.
+
+ Time sequentially consulting the Chained reduces time available for simultaneously consulting the Unchained.
+
+ Thus, the Chainer's implicit argument is that sequentially consulting their Chained symbols is worth more than simultaneously consulting the Unchained.
+
+ ***
+
+ The Chainer mathematician argues their symbols are worth sequentially consulting over simultaneously consulting Euclid, Gauss, and Euler.
+
+ The Chainer physicist argues their symbols are worth sequentially consulting over simultaneously consulting Newton, Maxwell, and Einstein.
+
+ The Chainer musician argues their symbols are worth sequentially consulting over simultaneously consulting Bach, Beethoven, and Mozart.
+
+ The Chainer biologist argues their symbols are worth sequentially consulting over simultaneously consulting Leeuwenhoek, Pasteur, and Darwin.
+
+ The Chainer artist argues their symbols are worth sequentially consulting over simultaneously consulting da Vinci, Rembrandt, and van Gogh.
+
+ The Chainer author argues their symbols are worth sequentially consulting over simultaneously consulting Homer, Shakespeare, and Dostoevsky.
+
+ ***
+
+ I hope you see why this is such a ridiculously dishonest position, and understand my visceral disgust for this behavior.
+
+ Copyright is the mark of the dishonest man.
+
+ ****
+
+ Related Reading
+ freedom.html
+
dirtySecret.scroll
Changed around line 20: The reason nobody talks about the Secret is because the people who effectively c
- Technology is abolutely incredible. Not just because of what it can do, but because of how hard it was to create. How much blood, sweat, and tears from tens of millions of people over hundreds of years went into learning the patterns of our universe and helping evolve technologies to manipulate it.
+ Technology is abolutely incredible. Not just because of what it can do, but because of how hard it was to create. How much blood, sweat, and tears from tens of millions of people over thousands of years went into learning the patterns of our universe and helping evolve technologies to manipulate it.
dirtySecret.scroll
Changed around line 14: Nobody talks about how Jeff Bezos _actually_ made his billions.
+ A Secret connecting the majority of the richest people in the world (and it's not value creation).
+
package.json
Changed around line 18
- "scroll-cli": "^175.0.0"
+ "scroll-cli": "^175.1.0"
package.json
Changed around line 18
- "scroll-cli": "^174.1.1"
+ "scroll-cli": "^175.0.0"
bipolarModel.scroll
Changed around line 41: Mitochondrial populations change much more gradually than substance levels in th
+ ***
+
+ # New Terms
+
+ I believe eventually the phrase "bipolar disorder" will be retired, as it is a false label. I propose "hypermito" - for the state of having too much mitochondria; and "hypomito" - for the state of having too little.
+
dirtySecret.scroll
Changed around line 1
+ date 2025-3-21
+ tags All IntellectualFreedom Society
+ title Tech's Dirty Secret
+ container 430px
+ standardPost.scroll
+
+ Nobody talks about how Bill Gates _actually_ made his billions.
+
+ Nobody talks about how Larry Ellison _actually_ made his billions.
+
+ Nobody talks about how Larry and Sergey _actually_ made their billions.
+
+ Nobody talks about how Jeff Bezos _actually_ made his billions.
+
+ There's a Secret.
+
+ The reason nobody talks about the Secret is because the people who effectively control what we talk about make their millions in the same way. Talking about the Secret is a surefire way to get kicked out of the club.
+
+ ***
+
+ Technology is abolutely incredible. Not just because of what it can do, but because of how hard it was to create. How much blood, sweat, and tears from tens of millions of people over hundreds of years went into learning the patterns of our universe and helping evolve technologies to manipulate it.
+
+ It is such a shame that this industry is controlled by people who use the Secret to extract rent and control the population. Who try and pretend their extraordinary wealth comes from value creation, and not the legal chains of the Secret. Who disrespect the great work of the countless brave and selfless souls who gave their time to build a better world for their descendants, only to see things locked up by these "tech titans" and their cronies in Congress and the media. Who will lead our country to ruin to protect their Secret and their wealth.
+
+ ***
+
+ I respect the work ethic and intelligence and leadership skills of the people above. But I don't respect their integrity.
+
+ It makes me sad that so many young people get caught up chasing the same scale of fortunes as the people above, not realizing that "dishonesty" and the Secret is the _crucial_ ingredient to their _extraordinary_ "success".
+
+ It makes me sad that so few can see the Secret.
+
+ It's hidden by its ubiquity.
+
+ ****
asWeMayThink.scroll
Changed around line 10: date July 1945
+ metaTags
asWeMayThink.scroll
Changed around line 11: printTitle
- The Atlantic | Txt | PDF
+ The Atlantic | Txt | PDF | Source
+ link asWeMayThink.scroll Source
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asWeMayThink.scroll
Changed around line 1
+ buildHtml
+ buildTxt
+ theme gazette
+
+ title As We May Think
+ authors Vannevar Bush, Director of the Office of Scientific Research and Development
+ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vannevar_Bush Vannevar Bush
+ date July 1945
+
+ printTitle
+ printAuthors
+ printDate
+ center
+ The Atlantic | Txt | PDF
+ italics
+ https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1945/07/as-we-may-think/303881/ The Atlantic
+ link asWeMayThink.txt Txt
+ link memex.pdf PDF
+
+ wideColumns 1
+
+ memex0.jpg
+ caption A scientist of the future records experiments with a tiny camera fitted with universal-focus lens. The small square in the eyeglass at the left sights the object.
+
+ As Director of the Office of Scientific Research and Development, Dr. Vannevar Bush has coordinated the activities of some six thousand leading American scientists in the application of science to warfare. In this significant article he holds up an incentive for scientists when the fighting has ceased. He urges that men of science should then turn to the massive task of making more accessible our bewildering store of knowledge. For years inventions have extended man's physical powers rather than the powers of his mind. Trip hammers that multiply the fists, microscopes that sharpen the eye, and engines of destruction and detection are new results, but not the end results, of modern science. Now, says Dr. Bush, instruments are at hand which, if properly developed, will give man access to and command over the inherited knowledge of the ages. The perfection of these pacific instruments should be the first objective of our scientists as they emerge from their war work. Like Emerson's famous address of 1837 on "The American Scholar," this paper by Dr. Bush calls for a new relationship between thinking man and the sum of our knowledge. —THE EDITOR
+ italics
+
+ endColumns
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+ br 2
+
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+ css h1,h2,h3 { text-transform: uppercase;}
+
+ This has not been a scientist's war; it has been a war in which all have had a part. The scientists, burying their old professional competition in the demand of a common cause, have shared greatly and learned much. It has been exhilarating to work in effective partnership. Now, for many, this appears to be approaching an end. What are the scientists to do next?
+ class dropcap
+
+ For the biologists, and particularly for the medical scientists, there can be little indecision, for their war has hardly required them to leave the old paths. Many indeed have been able to carry on their war research in their familiar peacetime laboratories. Their objectives remain much the same.
+
+ It is the physicists who have been thrown most violently off stride, who have left academic pursuits for the making of strange destructive gadgets, who have had to devise new methods for their unanticipated assignments. They have done their part on the devices that made it possible to turn back the enemy, have worked in combined effort with the physicists of our allies. They have felt within themselves the stir of achievement. They have been part of a great team. Now, as peace approaches, one asks where they will find objectives worthy of their best.
+
+ # 1
+
+ Of what lasting benefit has been man's use of science and of the new instruments which his research brought into existence? First, they have increased his control of his material environment. They have improved his food, his clothing, his shelter; they have increased his security and released him partly from the bondage of bare existence. They have given him increased knowledge of his own biological processes so that he has had a progressive freedom from disease and an increased span of life. They are illuminating the interactions of his physiological and psychological functions, giving the promise of an improved mental health.
+
+ Science has provided the swiftest communication between individuals; it has provided a record of ideas and has enabled man to manipulate and to make extracts from that record so that knowledge evolves and endures throughout the life of a race rather than that of an individual.
+
+ There is a growing mountain of research. But there is increased evidence that we are being bogged down today as specialization extends. The investigator is staggered by the findings and conclusions of thousands of other workers—conclusions which he cannot find time to grasp, much less to remember, as they appear. Yet specialization becomes increasingly necessary for progress, and the effort to bridge between disciplines is correspondingly superficial.
+
+ Professionally our methods of transmitting and reviewing the results of research are generations old and by now are totally inadequate for their purpose. If the aggregate time spent in writing scholarly works and in reading them could be evaluated, the ratio between these amounts of time might well be startling. Those who conscientiously attempt to keep abreast of current thought, even in restricted fields, by close and continuous reading might well shy away from an examination calculated to show how much of the previous month's efforts could be produced on call. Mendel's concept of the laws of genetics was lost to the world for a generation because his publication did not reach the few who were capable of grasping and extending it; and this sort of catastrophe is undoubtedly being repeated all about us, as truly significant attainments become lost in the mass of the inconsequential.
+
+ The difficulty seems to be, not so much that we publish unduly in view of the extent and variety of present day interests, but rather that publication has been extended far beyond our present ability to make real use of the record. The summation of human experience is being expanded at a prodigious rate, and the means we use for threading through the consequent maze to the momentarily important item is the same as was used in the days of square-rigged ships.
+
+ But there are signs of a change as new and powerful instrumentalities come into use. Photocells capable of seeing things in a physical sense, advanced photography which can record what is seen or even what is not, thermionic tubes capable of controlling potent forces under the guidance of less power than a mosquito uses to vibrate his wings, cathode ray tubes rendering visible an occurrence so brief that by comparison a microsecond is a long time, relay combinations which will carry out involved sequences of movements more reliably than any human operator and thousands of times as fast—there are plenty of mechanical aids with which to effect a transformation in scientific records.
+
+ Two centuries ago Leibnitz invented a calculating machine which embodied most of the essential features of recent keyboard devices, but it could not then come into use. The economics of the situation were against it: the labor involved in constructing it, before the days of mass production, exceeded the labor to be saved by its use, since all it could accomplish could be duplicated by sufficient use of pencil and paper. Moreover, it would have been subject to frequent breakdown, so that it could not have been depended upon; for at that time and long after, complexity and unreliability were synonymous.
+
+ Babbage, even with remarkably generous support for his time, could not produce his great arithmetical machine. His idea was sound enough, but construction and maintenance costs were then too heavy. Had a Pharaoh been given detailed and explicit designs of an automobile, and had he understood them completely, it would have taxed the resources of his kingdom to have fashioned the thousands of parts for a single car, and that car would have broken down on the first trip to Giza.
+
+ Machines with interchangeable parts can now be constructed with great economy of effort. In spite of much complexity, they perform reliably. Witness the humble typewriter, or the movie camera, or the automobile. Electrical contacts have ceased to stick when thoroughly understood. Note the automatic telephone exchange, which has hundreds of thousands of such contacts, and yet is reliable. A spider web of metal, sealed in a thin glass container, a wire heated to brilliant glow, in short, the thermionic tube of radio sets, is made by the hundred million, tossed about in packages, plugged into sockets—and it works! Its gossamer parts, the precise location and alignment involved in its construction, would have occupied a master craftsman of the guild for months; now it is built for thirty cents. The world has arrived at an age of cheap complex devices of great reliability; and something is bound to come of it.
+
+ # 2
+
+ A record, if it is to be useful to science, must be continuously extended, it must be stored, and above all it must be consulted. Today we make the record conventionally by writing and photography, followed by printing; but we also record on film, on wax disks, and on magnetic wires. Even if utterly new recording procedures do not appear, these present ones are certainly in the process of modification and extension.
+
+ ## New Ways to Extend The Record...The Cyclops Camera and Day Photography
+
+ Certainly progress in photography is not going to stop. Faster material and lenses, more automatic cameras, finer-grained sensitive compounds to allow an extension of the minicamera idea, are all imminent. Let us project this trend ahead to a logical, if not inevitable, outcome. The camera hound of the future wears on his forehead a lump a little larger than a walnut. It takes pictures 3 millimeters square, later to be projected or enlarged, which after all involves only a factor of 10 beyond present practice. The lens is of universal focus, down to any distance accommodated by the unaided eye, simply because it is of short focal length. There is a built-in photocell on the walnut such as we now have on at least one camera, which automatically adjusts exposure for a wide range of illumination. There is film in the walnut for a hundred exposures, and the spring for operating its shutter and shifting its film is wound once for all when the film clip is inserted. It produces its result in full color. It may well be stereoscopic, and record with spaced glass eyes, for striking improvements in stereoscopic technique are just around the corner.
+
+ The cord which trips its shutter may reach down a man's sleeve within easy reach of his fingers. A quick squeeze, and the picture is taken. On a pair of ordinary glasses is a square of fine lines near the top of one lens, where it is out of the way of ordinary vision. When an object appears in that square, it is lined up for its picture. As the scientist of the future moves about the laboratory or the field, every time he looks at something worthy of the record, he trips the shutter and in it goes, without even an audible click. Is this all fantastic? The only fantastic thing about it is the idea of making as many pictures as would result from its use.
+
+ Will there be dry photography? It is already here in two forms. When Brady made his Civil War pictures, the plate had to be wet at the time of exposure. Now it has to be wet during development instead. In the future perhaps it need not be wetted at all. There have long been films impregnated with diazo dyes which form a picture without development, so that it is already there as soon as the camera has been operated. An exposure to ammonia gas destroys the unexposed dye, and the picture can then be taken out into the light and examined. The process is now slow, but someone may speed it up, and it has no grain difficulties such as now keep photographic researchers busy. Often it would be advantageous to be able to snap the camera and to look at the picture immediately.
+
+ Another process now in use is also slow, and more or less clumsy. For fifty years impregnated papers have been used which turn dark at every point where an electrical contact touches them, by reason of the chemical change thus produced in an iodine compound included in the paper. They have been used to make records, for a pointer moving across them can leave a trail behind. If the electrical potential on the pointer is varied as it moves, the line becomes light or dark in accordance with the potential.
+
+ This scheme is now used in facsimile transmission. The pointer draws a set of closely spaced lines across the paper one after another. As it moves, its potential is varied in accordance with a varying current received over wires from a distant station, where these variations are produced by a photocell which is similarly scanning a picture. At every instant the darkness of the line being drawn is made equal to the darkness of the point on the picture being observed by the photocell. Thus, when the whole picture has been covered, a replica appears at the receiving end.
+
+ A scene itself can be just as well looked over line by line by the photocell in this way as can a photograph of the scene. This whole apparatus constitutes a camera, with the added feature, which can be dispensed with if desired, of making its picture at a distance. It is slow, and the picture is poor in detail. Still, it does give another process of dry photography, in which the picture is finished as soon as it is taken.
+
+ It would be a brave man who could predict that such a process will always remain clumsy, slow, and faulty in detail. Television equipment today transmits sixteen reasonably good images a second, and it involves only two essential differences from the process described above. For one, the record is made by a moving beam of electrons rather than a moving pointer, for the reason that an electron beam can sweep across the picture very rapidly indeed. The other difference involves merely the use of a screen which glows momentarily when the electrons hit, rather than a chemically treated paper or film which is permanently altered. This speed is necessary in television, for motion pictures rather than stills are the object.
+
+ Use chemically treated film in place of the glowing screen, allow the apparatus to transmit one picture rather than a succession, and a rapid camera for dry photography results. The treated film needs to be far faster in action than present examples, but it probably could be. More serious is the objection that this scheme would involve putting the film inside a vacuum chamber, for electron beams behave normally only in such a rarefied environment. This difficulty could be avoided by allowing the electron beam to play on one side of a partition, and by pressing the film against the other side, if this partition were such as to allow the electrons to go through perpendicular to its surface, and to prevent them from spreading out sideways. Such partitions, in crude form, could certainly be constructed, and they will hardly hold up the general development.
+
+ ## Reducing the Written Record to Manageable Size - Microphotography
+
+ Like dry photography, microphotography still has a long way to go. The basic scheme of reducing the size of the record, and examining it by projection rather than directly, has possibilities too great to be ignored. The combination of optical projection and photographic reduction is already producing some results in microfilm for scholarly purposes, and the potentialities are highly suggestive. Today, with microfilm, reductions by a linear factor of 20 can be employed and still produce full clarity when the material is re-enlarged for examination. The limits are set by the graininess of the film, the excellence of the optical system, and the efficiency of the light sources employed. All of these are rapidly improving.
+
+ Assume a linear ratio of 100 for future use. Consider film of the same thickness as paper, although thinner film will certainly be usable. Even under these conditions there would be a total factor of 10,000 between the bulk of the ordinary record on books, and its microfilm replica. The Encyclopoedia Britannica could be reduced to the volume of a matchbox. A library of a million volumes could be compressed into one end of a desk. If the human race has produced since the invention of movable type a total record, in the form of magazines, newspapers, books, tracts, advertising blurbs, correspondence, having a volume corresponding to a billion books, the whole affair, assembled and compressed, could be lugged off in a moving van. Mere compression, of course, is not enough; one needs not only to make and store a record but also to be able to consult it, and this aspect of the matter comes later. Even the modern great library is not generally consulted; it is nibbled by a few.
+
+ Compression is important, however, when it comes to costs. The material for the microfilm Britannica would cost a nickel, and it could be mailed anywhere for a cent. What would it cost to print a million copies? To print a sheet of newspaper, in a large edition, costs a small fraction of a cent. The entire material of the Britannica in reduced microfilm form would go on a sheet eight and one-half by eleven inches. Once it is available, with the photographic reproduction methods of the future, duplicates in large quantities could probably be turned out for a cent apiece beyond the cost of materials. The preparation of the original copy? That introduces the next aspect of the subject.
+
+ # 3
+
+ ## The author need not write - he could talk his thoughts to a machine
+
+ To make the record, we now push a pencil or tap a typewriter. Then comes the process of digestion and correction, followed by an intricate process of typesetting, printing, and distribution. To consider the first stage of the procedure, will the author of the future cease writing by hand or typewriter and talk directly to the record? He does so indirectly, by talking to a stenographer or a wax cylinder; but the elements are all present if he wishes to have his talk directly produce a typed record. All he needs to do is to take advantage of existing mechanisms and to alter his language.
+
+ At a recent World Fair a machine called a Voder was shown. A girl stroked its keys and it emitted recognizable speech. No human vocal cords entered in the procedure at any point; the keys simply combined some electrically produced vibrations and passed these on to a loud-speaker. In the Bell Laboratories there is the converse of this machine, called a Vocoder. The loudspeaker is replaced by a microphone, which picks up sound. Speak to it, and the corresponding keys move. This may be one element of the postulated system.
+
+ The other element is found in the stenotype, that somewhat disconcerting device encountered usually at public meetings. A girl strokes its keys languidly and looks about the room and sometimes at the speaker with a disquieting gaze. From it emerges a typed strip which records in a phonetically simplified language a record of what the speaker is supposed to have said. Later this strip is retyped into ordinary language, for in its nascent form it is intelligible only to the initiated. Combine these two elements, let the Vocoder run the stenotype, and the result is a machine which types when talked to.
+
+ Our present languages are not especially adapted to this sort of mechanization, it is true. It is strange that the inventors of universal languages have not seized upon the idea of producing one which better fitted the technique for transmitting and recording speech. Mechanization may yet force the issue, especially in the scientific field; whereupon scientific jargon would become still less intelligible to the layman.
+
+ One can now picture a future investigator in his laboratory. His hands are free, and he is not anchored. As he moves about and observes, he photographs and comments. Time is automatically recorded to tie the two records together. If he goes into the field, he may be connected by radio to his recorder. As he ponders over his notes in the evening, he again talks his comments into the record. His typed record, as well as his photographs, may both be in miniature, so that he projects them for examination.
+
+ ## Simple repetitive thought could be done by machine, following laws of logic
+
+ Much needs to occur, however, between the collection of data and observations, the extraction of parallel material from the existing record, and the final insertion of new material into the general body of the common record. For mature thought there is no mechanical substitute. But creative thought and essentially repetitive thought are very different things. For the latter there are, and may be, powerful mechanical aids.
+
+ Adding a column of figures is a repetitive thought process, and it was long ago properly relegated to the machine. True, the machine is sometimes controlled by the keyboard, and thought of a sort enters in reading the figures and poking the corresponding keys, but even this is avoidable. Machines have been made which will read typed figures by photocells and then depress the corresponding keys; these are combinations of photocells for scanning the type, electric circuits for sorting the consequent variations, and relay circuits for interpreting the result into the action of solenoids to pull the keys down.
+
+ All this complication is needed because of the clumsy way in which we have learned to write figures. If we recorded them positionally, simply by the configuration of a set of dots on a card, the automatic reading mechanism would become comparatively simple. In fact, if the dots are holes, we have the punched-card machine long ago produced by Hollorith for the purposes of the census, and now used throughout business. Some types of complex businesses could hardly operate without these machines.
+
+ Adding is only one operation. To perform arithmetical computation involves also subtraction, multiplication, and division, and in addition some method for temporary storage of results, removal from storage for further manipulation, and recording of final results by printing. Machines for these purposes are now of two types: keyboard machines for accounting and the like, manually controlled for the insertion of data, and usually automatically controlled as far as the sequence of operations is concerned; and punched-card machines in which separate operations are usually delegated to a series of machines, and the cards then transferred bodily from one to another. Both forms are very useful; but as far as complex computations are concerned, both are still embryo.
+
+ Rapid electrical counting appeared soon after the physicists found it desirable to count cosmic rays. For their own purposes the physicists promptly constructed thermionic-tube equipment capable of counting electrical impulses at the rate of 100,000 a second. The advanced arithmetical machines of the future will be electrical in nature, and they will perform at 100 times present speeds, or more.
+
+ Moreover, they will be far more versatile than present commercial machines, so that they may readily be adapted for a wide variety of operations. They will be controlled by a control card or film, they will select their own data and manipulate it in accordance with the instructions thus inserted, they will perform complex arithmetical computations at exceedingly high speeds, and they will record results in such form as to be readily available for distribution or for later further manipulation. Such machines will have enormous appetites. One of them will take instructions and data from a roomful of girls armed with simple keyboard punches, and will deliver sheets of computed results every few minutes. There will always be plenty of things to compute in the detailed affairs of millions of people doing complicated things.
+
+ # 4
+
+ The repetitive processes of thought are not confined, however, to matters of arithmetic and statistics. In fact, every time one combines and records facts in accordance with established logical processes, the creative aspect of thinking is concerned only with the selection of the data and the process to be employed, and the manipulation thereafter is repetitive in nature and hence a fit matter to be relegated to the machines. Not so much has been done along these lines, beyond the bounds of arithmetic, as might be done, primarily because of the economics of the situation. The needs of business, and the extensive market obviously waiting, assured the advent of mass-produced arithmetical machines just as soon as production methods were sufficiently advanced.
+ With machines for advanced analysis no such situation existed; for there was and is no extensive market; the users of advanced methods of manipulating data are a very small part of the population. There are, however, machines for solving differential equations - and functional and integral equations, for that matter. There are many special machines, such as the harmonic synthesizer which predicts the tides. There will be many more, appearing certainly first in the hands of the scientist and in small numbers.
+
+ If scientific reasoning were limited to the logical processes of arithmetic, we should not get far in our understanding of the physical world. One might as well attempt to grasp the game of poker entirely by the use of the mathematics of probability. The abacus, with its beads string on parallel wires, led the Arabs to positional numeration and the concept of zero many centuries before the rest of the world; and it was a useful tool - so useful that it still exists.
+
+ It is a far cry from the abacus to the modern keyboard accounting machine. It will be an equal step to the arithmetical machine of the future. But even this new machine will not take the scientist where he needs to go. Relief must be secured from laborious detailed manipulation of higher mathematics as well, if the users of it are to free their brains for something more than repetitive detailed transformations in accordance with established rules. A mathematician is not a man who can readily manipulate figures; often he cannot. He is not even a man who can readily perform the transformation of equations by the use of calculus. He is primarily an individual who is skilled in the use of symbolic logic on a high plane, and especially he is a man of intuitive judgment in the choice of the manipulative processes he employs.
+
+ All else he should be able to turn over to his mechanism, just as confidently as he turns over the propelling of his car to the intricate mechanism under the hood. Only then will mathematics be practically effective in bringing the growing knowledge of atomistics to the useful solution of the advanced problems of chemistry, metallurgy, and biology. For this reason there will come more machines to handle advanced mathematics for the scientist. Some of them will be sufficiently bizarre to suit the most fastidious connoisseur of the present artifacts of civilization.
+
+ # 5
+
+ The scientist, however, is not the only person who manipulates data and examines the world about him by the use of logical processes, although he sometimes preserves this appearance by adopting into the fold anyone who becomes logical, much in the manner in which a British labor leader is elevated to knighthood. Whenever logical processes of thought are employed - that is, whenever thought for a time runs along an accepted groove - there is an opportunity for the machine. Formal logic used to be a keen instrument in the hands of the teacher in his trying of students' souls. It is readily possible to construct a machine which will manipulate premises in accordance with formal logic, simply by the clever use of relay circuits. Put a set of premises into such a device and turn the crank, and it will readily pass out conclusion after conclusion, all in accordance with logical law, and with no more slips than would be expected of a keyboard adding machine.
+ Logic can become enormously difficult, and it would undoubtedly be well to produce more assurance in its use. The machines for higher analysis have usually been equation solvers. Ideas are beginning to appear for equation transformers, which will rearrange the relationship expressed by an equation in accordance with strict and rather advanced logic. Progress is inhibited by the exceedingly crude way in which mathematicians express their relationships. They employ a symbolism which grew like Topsy and has little consistency; a strange fact in that most logical field.
+
+ A new symbolism, probably positional, must apparently precede the reduction of mathematical transformations to machine processes. Then, on beyond the strict logic of the mathematician, lies the application of logic in everyday affairs. We may some day click off arguments on a machine with the same assurance that we now enter sales on a cash register. But the machine of logic will not look like a cash register, even a streamlined model.
+
+ ## How to consult the record - machines examine the files and select related items
+
+ So much for the manipulation of ideas and their insertion into the record. Thus far we seem to be worse off than before - for we can enormously extend the record; yet even in its present bulk we can hardly consult it. This is a much larger matter than merely the extraction of data for the purposes of scientific research; it involves the entire process by which man profits by his inheritance of acquired knowledge. The prime action of use is selection, and here we are halting indeed. There may be millions of fine thoughts, and the account of the experience on which they are based, all encased within stone walls of acceptable architectural form; but if the scholar can get at only one a week by diligent search, his syntheses are not likely to keep up with the current scene.
+
+ Selection, in this broad sense, is a stone adze in the hands of a cabinetmaker. Yet, in a narrow sense and in other areas, something has already been done mechanically on selection. The personnel officer of a factory drops a stack of a few thousand employee cards into a selecting machine, sets a code in accordance with an established convention, and produces in a short time a list of all employees who live in Trenton and know Spanish. Even such devices are much too slow when it comes, for example, to matching a set of fingerprints with one of five millions on file. Selection devices of this sort will soon be speeded up from their present rate of reviewing data at a few hundred a minute. By the use of photocells and microfilm they will survey items at the rate of thousands a second, and will print out duplicates of those selected.
+
+ This process, however, is simple selection: it proceeds by examining in turn every one of a large set of items, and by picking out those which have certain specified characteristics. There is another form of selection best illustrated by the automatic telephone exchange. You dial a number and the machine selects and connects just one of a million possible stations. It does not run over them all. It pays attention only to a class given by a first digit, and so on; and thus proceeds rapidly and almost unerringly to the selected station. It requires a few seconds to make the selection, although the process could be speeded up if increased speed were economically warranted. If necessary, it could be made extremely fast by substituting thermionic-tube switching for mechanical switching, so that the full selection could be made in one-hundredth of a second. No one would wish to spend the money necessary to make this change in the telephone system, but the general idea is applicable elsewhere.
+
+ Take the prosaic problem of the great department store. Every time a charge sale is made, there are a number of things to be done.. The inventory needs to be revised, the salesman needs to be given credit for the sale, the general accounts need an entry, and, most important, the customer needs to be charged. A central records device has been developed in which much of this work is done conveniently. The salesman places on a stand the customer's identification card, his own card, and the card taken from the article sold - all punched cards. When he pulls a lever, contacts are made through the holes, machinery at a central point makes the necessary computations and entries, and the proper receipt is printed for the salesman to pass to the customer.
+
+ But there may be ten thousand charge customers doing business with the store, and before the full operation can be completed someone has to select the right card and insert it at the central office. Now rapid selection can slide just the proper card into position in an instant or two, and return it afterward. Another difficulty occurs, however. Someone must read a total on the card, so that the machine can add its computed item to it. Conceivably the cards might be of the dry photography type I have described. Existing totals could then be read by photocell, and the new total entered by an electron beam.
+
+ The cards may be in miniature, so that they occupy little space. They must move quickly. They need not be transferred far, but merely into position so that the photocell and recorder can operate on them. Positional dots can enter the data. At the end of the month a machine can readily be made to read these and to print an ordinary bill. With tube selection, in which no mechanical parts are involved in the switches, little time need be occupied in bringing the correct card into use - a second should suffice for the entire operation. The whole record on the card may be made by magnetic dots on a steel sheet if desired, instead of dots to be observed optically, following the scheme by which Poulsen long ago put speech on a magnetic wire. This method has the advantage of simplicity and ease of erasure. By using photography, however, one can arrange to project the record in enlarged form, and at a distance by using the process common in television equipment.
+
+ One can consider rapid selection of this form, and distant projection for other purposes. To be able to key one sheet of a million before an operator in a second or two, with the possibility of then adding notes thereto, is suggestive in many ways. It might even be of use in libraries, but that is another story. At any rate, there are now some interesting combinations possible. One might, for example, speak to a microphone, in the manner described in connection with the speech-controlled typewriter, and thus make his selections. It would certainly beat the usual file clerk.
+
+ # 6
+
+ ## The human brain files by association - the memex could do this mechanically
+
+ The real heart of the matter of selection, however, goes deeper than a lag in the adoption of mechanisms by libraries, or a lack of development of devices for their use. Our ineptitude in getting at the record is largely caused by the artificiality of systems of indexing. When data of any sort are placed in storage, they are filed alphabetically or numerically, and information is found (when it is) by tracing it down from subclass to subclass. It can be in only one place, unless duplicates are used; one has to have rules as to which path will locate it, and the rules are cumbersome. Having found one item, moreover, one has to emerge from the system and re-enter on a new path.
+ The human mind does not work that way. It operates by association. With one item in its grasp, it snaps instantly to the next that is suggested by the association of thoughts, in accordance with some intricate web of trails carried by the cells of the brain. It has other characteristics, of course; trails that are not frequently followed are prone to fade, items are not fully permanent, memory is transitory. Yet the speed of action, the intricacy of trails, the detail of mental pictures, is awe-inspiring beyond all else in nature.
+
+ Man cannot hope fully to duplicate this mental process artificially, but he certainly ought to be able to learn from it. In minor ways he may even improve, for his records have relative permanency. The first idea, however, to be drawn from the analogy concerns selection. Selection by association, rather than by indexing, may yet be mechanized. One cannot hope thus to equal the speed and flexibility with which the mind follows an associative trail, but it should be possible to beat the mind decisively in regard to the permanence and clarity of the items resurrected from storage.
+
+ Consider a future device for individual use, which is a sort of mechanized private file and library. It needs a name, and to coin one at random, ``memex'' will do. A memex is a device in which an individual stores all his books, records, and communications, and which is mechanized so that it may be consulted with exceeding speed and flexibility. It is an enlarged intimate supplement to his memory.
+
+ It consists of a desk, and while it can presumably be operated from a distance, it is primarily the piece of furniture at which he works. On the top are slanting translucent screens, on which material can be projected for convenient reading. There is a keyboard, and sets of buttons and levers. Otherwise it looks like an ordinary desk.
+
+ In one end is the stored material. The matter of bulk is well taken care of by improved microfilm. Only a small part of the interior of the memex is devoted to storage, the rest to mechanism. Yet if the user inserted 5000 pages of material a day it would take him hundreds of years to fill the repository, so he can be profligate and enter material freely.
+
+ Most of the memex contents are purchased on microfilm ready for insertion. Books of all sorts, pictures, current periodicals, newspapers, are thus obtained and dropped into place. Business correspondence takes the same path. And there is provision for direct entry. On the top of the memex is a transparent platen. On this are placed longhand notes, photographs, memoranda, all sort of things. When one is in place, the depression of a lever causes it to be photographed onto the next blank space in a section of the memex film, dry photography being employed.
+
+ There is, of course, provision for consultation of the record by the usual scheme of indexing. If the user wishes to consult a certain book, he taps its code on the keyboard, and the title page of the book promptly appears before him, projected onto one of his viewing positions. Frequently-used codes are mnemonic, so that he seldom consults his code book; but when he does, a single tap of a key projects it for his use. Moreover, he has supplemental levers. On deflecting one of these levers to the right he runs through the book before him, each page in turn being projected at a speed which just allows a recognizing glance at each. If he deflects it further to the right, he steps through the book 10 pages at a time; still further at 100 pages at a time. Deflection to the left gives him the same control backwards.
+
+ A special button transfers him immediately to the first page of the index. Any given book of his library can thus be called up and consulted with far greater facility than if it were taken from a shelf. As he has several projection positions, he can leave one item in position while he calls up another. He can add marginal notes and comments, taking advantage of one possible type of dry photography, and it could even be arranged so that he can do this by a stylus scheme, such as is now employed in the telautograph seen in railroad waiting rooms, just as though he had the physical page before him.
+
+ memex.jpg
+ caption Memex in the form of a desk would instantly bring files and material on any subect to the operator's fingertips. Slanting translucent viewing screens magnify supermicrofilm filed by code numbers. At left is a meechanism which automatically photographs longhand notes, pictures and letters, then files them in the desk for future reference.
+
+ # 7
+
+ ## Building "Trails" of thought on the memex - unlike memory, they would never fade
+
+ All this is conventional, except for the projection forward of present-day mechanisms and gadgetry. It affords an immediate step, however, to associative indexing, the basic idea of which is a provision whereby any item may be caused at will to select immediately and automatically another. This is the essential feature of the memex. The process of tying two items together is the important thing.
+ When the user is building a trail, he names it, inserts the name in his code book, and taps it out on his keyboard. Before him are the two items to be joined, projected onto adjacent viewing positions. At the bottom of each there are a number of blank code spaces, and a pointer is set to indicate one of these on each item. The user taps a single key, and the items are permanently joined. In each code space appears the code word. Out of view, but also in the code space, is inserted a set of dots for photocell viewing; and on each item these dots by their positions designate the index number of the other item.
+
+ Thereafter, at any time, when one of these items is in view, the other can be instantly recalled merely by tapping a button below the corresponding code space. Moreover, when numerous items have been thus joined together to form a trail, they can be reviewed in turn, rapidly or slowly, by deflecting a lever like that used for turning the pages of a book. It is exactly as though the physical items had been gathered together to form a new book. It is more than this, for any item can be joined into numerous trails.
+
+ The owner of the memex, let us say, is interested in the origin and properties of the bow and arrow. Specifically he is studying why the short Turkish bow was apparently superior to the English long bow in the skirmishes of the Crusades. He has dozens of possibly pertinent books and articles in his memex. First he runs through an encyclopedia, finds an interesting but sketchy article, leaves it projected. Next, in a history, he finds another pertinent item, and ties the two together. Thus he goes, building a trail of many items. Occasionally he inserts a comment of his own, either linking it into the main trail or joining it by a side trail to a particular item. When it becomes evident that the elastic properties of available materials had a great deal to do with the bow, he branches off on a side trail which takes him through textbooks on elasticity and tables of physical constants. He inserts a page of longhand analysis of his own. Thus he builds a trail of his interest through the maze of materials available to him.
+
+ And his trails do not fade. Several years later, his talk with a friend turns to the queer ways in which a people resist innovations, even of vital interest. He has an example, in the fact that the outranged Europeans still failed to adopt the Turkish bow. In fact he has a trail on it. A touch brings up the code book. Tapping a few keys projects the head of the trail. A lever runs through it at will, stopping at interesting items, going off on side excursions. It is an interesting trail, pertinent to the discussion. So he sets a reproducer in action, photographs the whole trail out, and passes it to his friend for insertion in his own memex, there to be linked into the more general trail.
+
+ # 8
+
+ Wholly new forms of encyclopedias will appear, ready-made with a mesh of associative trails running through them, ready to be dropped into the memex and there amplified. The lawyer has at his touch the associated opinions and decisions of his whole experience, and of the experience of friends and authorities. The patent attorney has on call the millions of issued patents, with familiar trails to every point of his client's interest. The physician, puzzled by its patient's reactions, strikes the trail established in studying an earlier similar case, and runs rapidly through analogous case histories, with side references to the classics for the pertinent anatomy and histology. The chemist, struggling with the synthesis of an organic compound, has all the chemical literature before him in his laboratory, with trails following the analogies of compounds, and side trails to their physical and chemical behavior.
+ The historian, with a vast chronological account of a people, parallels it with a skip trail which stops only at the salient items, and can follow at any time contemporary trails which lead him all over civilization at a particular epoch. There is a new profession of trail blazers, those who find delight in the task of establishing useful trails through the enormous mass of the common record. The inheritance from the master becomes, not only his additions to the world's record, but for his disciples the entire scaffolding by which they were erected.
+
+ Thus science may implement the ways in which man produces, stores, and consults the record of the race. It might be striking to outline the instrumentalities of the future more spectacularly, rather than to stick closely to the methods and elements now known and undergoing rapid development, as has been done here. Technical difficulties of all sorts have been ignored, certainly, but also ignored are means as yet unknown which may come any day to accelerate technical progress as violently as did the advent of the thermionic tube. In order that the picture may not be too commonplace, by reason of sticking to present-day patterns, it may be well to mention one such possibility, not to prophesy but merely to suggest, for prophecy based on extension of the known has substance, while prophecy founded on the unknown is only a doubly involved guess.
+
+ All our steps in creating or absorbing material of the record proceed through one of the senses - the tactile when we touch keys, the oral when we speak or listen, the visual when we read. Is it not possible that some day the path may be established more directly?
+
+ We know that when the eye sees, all the consequent information is transmitted to the brain by means of electrical vibrations in the channel of the optic nerve. This is an exact analogy with the electrical vibrations which occur in the cable of a television set: they convey the picture from the photocells which see it to the radio transmitter from which it is broadcast. We know further that if we can approach that cable with the proper instruments, we do not need to touch it; we can pick up those vibrations by electrical induction and thus discover and reproduce the scene which is being transmitted, just as a telephone wire may be tapped for its message.
+
+ The impulses which flow in the arm nerves of a typist convey to her fingers the translated information which reaches her eye or ear, in order that the fingers may be caused to strike the proper keys. Might not these currents be intercepted, either in the original form in which information is conveyed to the brain, or in the marvelously metamorphosed form in which they then proceed to the hand?
+
+ By bone conduction we already introduce sounds into the nerve channels of the deaf in order that they may hear. Is it not possible that we may learn to introduce them without the present cumbersomeness of first transforming electrical vibrations to mechanical ones, which the human mechanism promptly transforms back to the electrical form? With a couple of electrodes on the skull the encephalograph now produces pen-and-ink traces which bear some relation to the electrical phenomena going on in the brain itself. True, the record is unintelligible, except as it points out certain gross misfunctioning of the cerebral mechanism; but who would now place bounds on where such a thing may lead?
+
+ In the outside world, all forms of intelligence, whether of sound or sight, have been reduced to the form of varying currents in an electric circuit in order that they may be transmitted. Inside the human frame exactly the same sort of process occurs. Must we always transform to mechanical movements in order to proceed from one electrical phenomenon to another? It is a suggestive thought, but it hardly warrants prediction without losing touch with reality and immediateness.
+
+ Presumably man's spirit should be elevated if he can better review his shady past and analyze more completely and objectively his present problems. He has built a civilization so complex that he needs to mechanize his record more fully if he is to push his experiment to its logical conclusion and not merely become bogged down part way there by overtaxing his limited memory. His excursion may be more enjoyable if he can reacquire the privilege of forgetting the manifold things he does not need to have immediately at hand, with some assurance that he can find them again if they prove important.
+
+ memex2.jpg
+ caption Memex in use is shown here. On one transparent screen the operator of the future writes notes and commentary dealing with reference material which is projected on the screen at left. Insertion of the proper code symbols at the bottom of right-hand screen will tie the new item to the earlier one after notes are photographed on supermicrofilm.
+
+ The applications of science have built man a well-supplied house, and are teaching him to live healthily therein. They have enabled him to throw masses of people against another with cruel weapons. They may yet allow him truly to encompass the great record and to grow in the wisdom of race experience. He may perish in conflict before he learns to wield that record for his true good. Yet, in the application of science to the needs and desires of man, it would seem to be a singularly unfortunate stage at which to terminate the process, or to lose hope as to the outcome.
+
+ ***
+
+ vannevarBush.jpg
+
+ Dr. Vannevar Bush is head of the Office of Scientific Research and Development, which marshaled the scientific brains of the U. S. in the service of the war. As such he has performed one of the greatest, though most secret, jobs of the war, as important in its sphere as that of the Army chief of staff. Under his direction 6,000 scientists worked on such projects as the development of radar and the atomic bomb.
+
+ In the July issue of the Atlantic Monthly Dr. Bush published an article in which he set a great task for men of science in the peacetime world. Man has piled up a staggering body of knowledge—so staggering, in fact, that men of learning have great difficulty in finding and using the parts they want. It is the task of science, Dr. Bush says, to make this store of knowledge more available, to aid the human memory. Says the Atlantic, "Like Emerson's famous address of 1837 on 'The American Scholar,' this paper by Dr. Bush calls for a new relationship between thinking man and the sum of our knowledge."
+
+ LIFE is indebted to the editors of the Atlantic Monthly for permission to bring a condensed version of this important article to its larger audience.
+
+ ### WHAT DR. BUSH FORESEES
+
+ # Cyclops Camera
+ Worn on forehead, it would photograph anything you see and want to record. Film would be developed at once by dry photography.
+
+ # Microfilm
+ It could reduce Encyclopaedia Britannica to volume of a matchbox. Material cost: 5¢. Thus a whole library could be kept in a desk.
+
+ # Vocoder
+ A machine which could type when talked to. But you might have to talk a special phonetic language to this mechanical supersecretary.
+
+ # Thinking machine
+ A development of the mathematical calculator. Give it premises and it would pass out conclusions, all in accordance with logic.
+
+ # Memex
+ An aid to memory. Like the brain, Memex would file material by association. Press a key and it would run through a "trail" of facts.
+
+ ****
+
+ Breck's note: in this version I combined the original Atlantic version with the subtitles and images from the LIFE version. March 15, 2025
memex.jpg
memex.pdf
memex0.jpg
memex2.jpg
vannevarBush.jpg
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microverses.scroll
Changed around line 14: We rely on scopes, and experiments, and symbols to map the territory.
+ I gave these microverses names: Hairfield, Bloodland, Mitotown, Viralworld, Proteinplace, Moleculeville, Atomboro.
+
microverses.scroll
Changed around line 14: We rely on scopes, and experiments, and symbols to map the territory.
- And that just gets us to the atomic level. But there are more lands we still cannot see.
+ And that just gets us to the atomic level. But there are many more lands beyond that we cannot see. It may be closer to the beginning than the end.
bipolarKeto.scroll
Changed around line 45: I still have a ton to learn but I wanted to share this simple book scan in case
- printRelated Bipolar
+ printRelated BipolarEnergy
bipolarKeto.scroll
Changed around line 45: I still have a ton to learn but I wanted to share this simple book scan in case
- printRelated bipolar
+ printRelated Bipolar
bipolarKeto.scroll
Changed around line 44: I still have a ton to learn but I wanted to share this simple book scan in case
+ # Related reading
+ printRelated bipolar
+
censorship.scroll
Changed around line 1
- title Censorship on Reddit is probably deadly
+ title Censorship on Reddit is likely deadly
censorship.scroll
Changed around line 1
- title Censorship on Reddit is Killing People
+ title Censorship on Reddit is probably deadly
bipolarKeto.scroll
Changed around line 44: I still have a ton to learn but I wanted to share this simple book scan in case
+ ### Update 3/13/2025
+
+ I did a second scan through these books for the word "mitochondria", and only 2 books had hits: "Manic-Depressive Illness" (2007) by Goodwin and Jamison and Biomarkers In Bipolar Disorder (2022). Brain Energy, by Chris Palmer in 2022, really was wildly novel with its clear finger pointing at mitochondria.
+
+ ***
+
+ # The Data
+
bpBooks.tsv
Changed around line 1
- SearchGroup KetoMentions Title Edition Year Author Category Focus Amazon
- 1 0 Mastering Bipolar Disorder: An Insider's Guide to Managing Mood Swings and Finding Balance 1 2008 Kerrie Eyers and Gordon Parker Self-help Bipolar https://www.amazon.com/Mastering-Bipolar-Disorder-Insiders-Managing/dp/1741755468
- 1 0 The Bipolar Disorder Survival Guide 2 2010 David J. Miklowitz Self-help Bipolar https://www.amazon.com/Bipolar-Disorder-Survival-Guide-Second/dp/1606235427/
- 1 0 Bipolar Disorder For Dummies 4 2023 Candida Fink and Joseph Kraynak Self-help Bipolar https://www.amazon.com/Bipolar-Disorder-Dummies-Candida-Fink-ebook/dp/B0BYQS91ZG/
- 1 0 Take Charge of Bipolar Disorder 1 2006 Julie A. Fast Self-help Bipolar https://www.amazon.com/Take-Charge-Bipolar-Disorder-Stability/dp/0446697613/
- 1 3 Take Charge of Bipolar Disorder 2 2023 Julie A. Fast and John Preston Self-help Bipolar https://www.amazon.com/Take-Charge-Bipolar-Disorder-Stability/dp/1538725029/
- 1 0 The Bipolar Workbook 2 2015 Monica Ramirez Basco Self-help Bipolar https://www.amazon.com/Bipolar-Workbook-Second-Controlling-Swings/dp/1462520235/
- 2 0 Madness: A Bipolar Life 1 2009 Marya Hornbacher Biography Bipolar https://www.amazon.com/Madness-Bipolar-Life-Marya-Hornbacher/dp/0547237804
- 2 0 An Unquiet Mind 1 1995 Kay Redfield Jamison Biography Bipolar https://www.amazon.com/Unquiet-Mind-Memoir-Moods-Madness/dp/0679763309/
- 2 0 Touched with Fire: Manic-Depressive Illness and the Artistic Temperament 1 1996 Kay Redfield Jamison Biography Bipolar https://www.amazon.com/Touched-Fire-Manic-Depressive-Artistic-Temperament/dp/068483183X
- 1 0 Bipolar II: Enhance Your Highs, Boost Your Creativity, and Escape the Cycles of Recurrent Depression 1 2006 Ronald Fieve Self-help Bipolar https://www.amazon.com/Bipolar-Creativity-Recurrent-Depression-Essential/dp/1594862249
- 1 0 Loving Someone with Bipolar Disorder 2 2012 Julie A. Fast Self-help Bipolar https://www.amazon.com/Loving-Someone-Bipolar-Disorder-Understanding/dp/1608822192
- 1 0 The Bipolar II Disorder Workbook: Managing Recurring Depression, Hypomania, and Anxiety 1 2013 Stephanie McMurrich Roberts and Louisa Grandin Sylvia and Noreen A. Reilly-Harrington Self-help Bipolar https://www.amazon.com/Bipolar-Disorder-Workbook-Recurring-Depression/dp/1608827666
- 1 0 Raising a Moody Child: How to Cope with Depression and Bipolar Disorder 1 2004 Mary A. Fristad and Jill S. Goldberg Arnold Self-help Bipolar https://www.amazon.com/Raising-Moody-Child-Depression-Disorder/dp/1572308710
- 1 0 The Bipolar Teen: What You Can Do to Help Your Child and Your Family 1 2007 David J. Miklowitz and Elizabeth L. George Self-help Bipolar https://www.amazon.com/Bipolar-Teen-What-Child-Family/dp/1593853181/
- 1 0 Your Child Does Not Have Bipolar Disorder: How Bad Science and Good Public Relations Created the Diagnosis 1 2011 Stuart L Kaplan Self-help Bipolar https://www.amazon.com/Your-Child-Does-Bipolar-Disorder/dp/0313381348/
- 1 0 The Bipolar Child: The Definitive and Reassuring Guide to Childhood's Most Misunderstood Disorder 3 2007 Demitri Papolos and Janice Papolos Self-help Bipolar https://www.amazon.com/Bipolar-Child-Third-Definitive-Misunderstood-ebook/dp/B000W969AY
- 1 0 Bipolar Kids: Helping Your Child Find Calm in the Mood Storm 1 2008 Rosalie Greenberg Self-help Bipolar https://www.amazon.com/Bipolar-Kids-Helping-Child-Storm/dp/0738211133/
- 1 0 Bipolar 101: A Practical Guide to Identifying Triggers, Managing Medications, Coping with Symptoms, and More 1 2009 Ruth C. White and John D. Preston Self-help Bipolar https://www.amazon.com/Bipolar-101-Practical-Identifying-Medications/dp/1572245603
- 2 0 Sure, I'll Join Your Cult: A Memoir of Mental Illness and the Quest to Belong Anywhere 1 2023 Maria Bamford Biography Bipolar https://www.amazon.com/Sure-Ill-Join-Your-Cult/dp/1982168560
- 1 0 The Dialectical Behavior Therapy Skills Workbook for Bipolar Disorder 1 2009 Sheri Van Dijk and Zindel V. Segal Self-help Bipolar https://www.amazon.com/Dialectical-Behavior-Therapy-Workbook-Disorder/dp/1572246286
- 1 0 The Depression and Bipolar Workbook 1 2020 Chris Aiken Self-help Bipolar https://www.amazon.com/Depression-Bipolar-Workbook-Strengthen-Brain/dp/1683732359
- 1 0 Rock Steady: Brilliant Advice From My Bipolar Life 1 2018 Ellen Forney Self-help Bipolar https://www.amazon.com/Rock-Steady-Brilliant-Advice-Bipolar/dp/1683961013
- 1 0 Preventing Bipolar Relapse: A Lifestyle Program to Help You Maintain a Balanced Mood and Live Well 1 2014 Ruth C. White Self-help Bipolar https://www.amazon.com/Preventing-Bipolar-Relapse-Lifestyle-Maintain/dp/1608828816/
- 2 0 Marbles: Mania, Depression, Michelangelo, and Me: A Graphic Memoir 1 2012 Ellen Forney Biography Bipolar https://www.amazon.com/Marbles-Depression-Michelangelo-Graphic-Memoir/dp/1592407323
- 1 0 The Mood Cure: The 4-Step Program to Take Charge of Your Emotions--Today 1 2003 Julia Ross Self-help Moods https://www.amazon.com/Mood-Cure-4-Step-Program-Emotions-Today/dp/0142003646/
- 1 0 Practical Management of Bipolar Disorder 1 2010 Allan H. Young and I. Nicol Ferrier and Erin E. Michalak Self-help Bipolar https://www.amazon.com/Practical-Management-Bipolar-Disorder-Allan/dp/0521734894
- 2 0 Depression, the Mood Disease 1 2006 Francis Mark Mondimore Self-help Depression https://www.amazon.com/Depression-Disease-Johns-Hopkins-Health/dp/0801884519
- 2 0 Practical Psychopharmacology 1 2021 Joseph F. Goldberg and Stephen M. Stahl Reference Psychopharmacology https://www.amazon.com/Practical-Psychopharmacology-Translating-Evidence-Based-Real-World/dp/1108450741
- 1 0 Clinical Handbook for the Management of Mood Disorders 1 2013 J. John Mann and Patrick J. McGrath and Steven P. Roose Reference Moods https://www.amazon.com/Clinical-Handbook-Management-Mood-Disorders/dp/1107024633
- 1 0 Bipolar Disorder: An Information Guide 2 2013 CAMH Bipolar Clinic Staff Self-help Bipolar https://www.amazon.com/Bipolar-Disorder-CAMH-Clinic-Staff/dp/1770525793
- 1 0 Break the Bipolar Cycle: A Day-by-Day Guide to Living with Bipolar Disorder 1 2008 Elizabeth Brondolo Self-help Bipolar https://www.amazon.com/Break-Bipolar-Cycle-Day-Day/dp/0071481532
- 1 0 Bipolar Disorder: A Guide for the Newly Diagnosed 1 2012 Janelle M. Caponigro and Erica H. Lee and Sheri L Johnson and Ann M. Kring Self-help Bipolar https://www.amazon.com/Bipolar-Disorder-Diagnosed-Harbinger-Guides/dp/1608821811
- 1 0 The Concise Guide to Bipolar Disorder 1 2022 Francis Mark Mondimore Self-help Bipolar https://www.amazon.com/Concise-Bipolar-Disorder-Hopkins-Health/dp/1421444038
- 1 0 The Everything Health Guide to Adult Bipolar Disorder: A Reassuring Guide for Patients and Families 1 2014 Dean A Haycock Self-help Bipolar https://www.amazon.com/Everything-Health-Guide-Bipolar-Disorder/dp/1440570132
- 1 0 Bipolar Disorder: Insights for Recovery 2 2003 Jane Mountain Self-help Bipolar https://www.amazon.com/Bipolar-Disorder-Insights-Jane-Mountain/dp/0971927057/
- 1 0 Two Bipolar Chicks Guide to Survival: Tips for Living with Bipolar Disorder 1 2014 Wendy Williamson and Honora Rose Self-help Bipolar https://www.amazon.com/Two-Bipolar-Chicks-Guide-Survival/dp/B08ZBJDYWV
- 1 0 A Brilliant Madness: Living with Manic Depressive Illness 1 1993 Patty Duke and Gloria Hochman Self-help Manic Depression https://www.amazon.com/Brilliant-Madness-Living-Depressive-Illness/dp/0553560727
- 1 0 Manic-Depressive Illness 2 2007 Frederick Goodwin and Kay Redfield Jamison Textbook Manic Depression https://www.amazon.com/Manic-Depressive-Illness-Disorders-Recurrent-Depression/dp/0195331524
- 2 0 Mood Genes: Hunting for Origins of Mania and Depression 1 1999 Samuel H. Barondes Reference Manic Depression https://www.amazon.com/Mood-Genes-Hunting-Depression-Paperbacks/dp/0195131061
- 1 0 Managing Manic Depressive Disorders 1 1997 Ved Varma Self-help Manic Depression https://www.amazon.com/Managing-Manic-Depressive-Disorders-Varma/dp/1853023477/
- 4 Yes Nutrition and Diet Therapy Reference Dictionary 4 1996 Rosalinda T. Lagua and Virginia S. Claudio Reference Diet https://www.amazon.com/Nutrition-Diet-Therapy-Reference-Dictionary/dp/9401168806
- 3 Yes The Epilepsy Diet Treatment: An Introduction to the Ketogenic Diet 2 1996 John Mark Freeman and Millicent T. Kelly and Jennifer B. Freeman Self-help Epilepsy https://www.amazon.com/Epilepsy-Diet-Treatment-Introduction-Ketogenic/dp/0939957868/
- 3 Yes Epilepsy: Problem Solving in Clinical Practice 1 2000 Steven C Schachter and Dieter Schmidt Self-help Epilepsy https://www.amazon.com/Epilepsy-Problem-Solving-Clinical-Practice/dp/1853175048
- 3 Yes Treating Epilepsy Naturally: A Guide to Alternative and Adjunct Therapies 1 2001 Patricia Murphy Self-help Epilepsy https://www.amazon.com/Treating-Epilepsy-Naturally-Alternative-Therapies/dp/0658013793/
- 3 Yes Ketogenic Diet Therapies for Epilepsy and Other Conditions 7 2020 Eric Kossoff and Zahava Turner and Mackenzie C. Cervenka and Bobbie J. Barron Self-help Epilepsy https://www.amazon.com/Ketogenic-Therapies-Epilepsy-Conditions-Seventh/dp/0826149588/
- 3 Yes Epilepsy Across the Spectrum: Promoting Health and Understanding 1 2012 Institute of Medicine Reference Epilepsy https://www.amazon.com/Epilepsy-Across-Spectrum-Promoting-Understanding/dp/0309259533
- 1 0 Healing Depression & Bipolar Disorder Without Drugs: Inspiring Stories of Restoring Mental Health Through Natural Therapies 1 2006 Gracelyn Guyol Self-help Bipolar https://www.amazon.com/Healing-Depression-Bipolar-Disorder-Without/dp/080271496X/
- 1 0 The Natural Medicine Guide to Bipolar Disorder: New Revised Edition 2 2011 Stephanie Marohn Self-help Bipolar https://www.amazon.com/Natural-Medicine-Guide-Bipolar-Disorder/dp/1571746560/
- 1 0 The Bipolar Disorder Answer Book: Professional Answers to More than 275 Top Questions 1 2007 Charles Atkins Self-help Bipolar https://www.amazon.com/Bipolar-Disorder-Answer-Book-Professional/dp/1402210574/
- 1 0 Bipolar 2: Creating The Right Bipolar Diet & Nutritional Plan to Deal with Bipolar Type II Today 1 2015 Samantha Rose Self-help Bipolar https://www.amazon.com/Bipolar-Creating-Right-Nutritional-Today/dp/1628841370/
- 1 0 The Tao of Bipolar: Using Meditation and Mindfulness to Find Balance and Peace 1 2013 C. Alexander Simpkins and Annellen M. Simpkins Self-help Bipolar https://www.amazon.com/Tao-Bipolar-Meditation-Mindfulness-Balance/dp/1608822923/
- 1 0 The Bipolar Advantage 1 2006 Tom Wootton Self-help Bipolar https://www.amazon.com/Bipolar-Advantage-Tom-Wootton/dp/0977442306/
- 1 0 The Homeopathic Treatment of Depression, Anxiety, Bipolar and Other Mental and Emotional Problems: Homeopathic Alternatives to Conventional Drug Therapy 1 2012 Judyth Reichenberg-Ullman and Robert William Ullman Self-help Bipolar https://www.amazon.com/Homeopathic-Treatment-Depression-Emotional-Problems/dp/0964065401/
- 2 0 When Screams Become Whispers: One Man’s Inspiring Victory Over Bipolar Disorder 1 2021 Bob Krulish and Alee Anderson Biography Bipolar https://www.amazon.com/When-Screams-Become-Whispers-Inspiring/dp/1631953133/
- 1 0 Surviving Manic Depression: A Manual on Bipolar Disorder for Patients, Families, and Providers 1 2005 E Fuller Torrey and Michael B Knable Self-help Manic Depression https://www.amazon.com/Surviving-Manic-Depression-Disorder-Providers/dp/0465086640
- 1 0 Bipolar Disorder: A Guide for You and Your Loved Ones 4 2020 Francis Mark Mondimore Self-help Bipolar https://www.amazon.com/Bipolar-Disorder-Guide-Hopkins-Health/dp/1421439069
- 1 0 Owning Bipolar: How Patients and Families Can Take Control of Bipolar Disorder 1 2018 Michael G. Pipich Self-help Bipolar https://www.amazon.com/Owning-Bipolar-Patients-Families-Disorder/dp/0806538791
- 1 0 Understanding and Loving a Person with Bipolar Disorder: Biblical and Practical Wisdom to Build Empathy, Preserve Boundaries, and Show Compassion 1 2018 Stephen Arterburn and Becky Lyke Brown Self-help Bipolar https://www.amazon.com/Understanding-Loving-Person-Bipolar-Disorder/dp/078141492X
- 1 0 Survival Strategies for Parenting Children with Bipolar Disorder 1 2000 George T. Lynn Self-help Bipolar https://www.amazon.com/Survival-Strategies-Parenting-Children-Disorder/dp/1853029211
- 1 0.3 Understanding Bipolar Disorder: The Essential Family Guide 1 2020 Aimee Daramus Self-help Bipolar https://www.amazon.com/Understanding-Bipolar-Disorder-Essential-Family/dp/1647390001/
- 1 0 Bipolar, Not So Much: Understanding Your Mood Swings and Depression 1 2017 James R. Phelps and Chris Aiken Self-help Bipolar https://www.amazon.com/Bipolar-Not-Much-Understanding-Depression-ebook/dp/B01CKZM3A2/
- 2 0 Burn Rate: Launching a Startup and Losing My Mind 1 2022 Andy Dunn Biography Bipolar https://www.amazon.com/Burn-Rate-Launching-Startup-Losing/dp/0593238265
+ SearchGroup KetoMentions MitoMentions Title Edition Year Author Category Focus Amazon
+ 1 0 0 Mastering Bipolar Disorder: An Insider's Guide to Managing Mood Swings and Finding Balance 1 2008 Kerrie Eyers and Gordon Parker Self-help Bipolar https://www.amazon.com/Mastering-Bipolar-Disorder-Insiders-Managing/dp/1741755468
+ 1 0 0 The Bipolar Disorder Survival Guide 2 2010 David J. Miklowitz Self-help Bipolar https://www.amazon.com/Bipolar-Disorder-Survival-Guide-Second/dp/1606235427/
+ 1 0 0 Bipolar Disorder For Dummies 4 2023 Candida Fink and Joseph Kraynak Self-help Bipolar https://www.amazon.com/Bipolar-Disorder-Dummies-Candida-Fink-ebook/dp/B0BYQS91ZG/
+ 1 0 0 Take Charge of Bipolar Disorder 1 2006 Julie A. Fast Self-help Bipolar https://www.amazon.com/Take-Charge-Bipolar-Disorder-Stability/dp/0446697613/
+ 1 3 0 Take Charge of Bipolar Disorder 2 2023 Julie A. Fast and John Preston Self-help Bipolar https://www.amazon.com/Take-Charge-Bipolar-Disorder-Stability/dp/1538725029/
+ 1 0 0 The Bipolar Workbook 2 2015 Monica Ramirez Basco Self-help Bipolar https://www.amazon.com/Bipolar-Workbook-Second-Controlling-Swings/dp/1462520235/
+ 2 0 0 Madness: A Bipolar Life 1 2009 Marya Hornbacher Biography Bipolar https://www.amazon.com/Madness-Bipolar-Life-Marya-Hornbacher/dp/0547237804
+ 2 0 0 An Unquiet Mind 1 1995 Kay Redfield Jamison Biography Bipolar https://www.amazon.com/Unquiet-Mind-Memoir-Moods-Madness/dp/0679763309/
+ 2 0 0 Touched with Fire: Manic-Depressive Illness and the Artistic Temperament 1 1996 Kay Redfield Jamison Biography Bipolar https://www.amazon.com/Touched-Fire-Manic-Depressive-Artistic-Temperament/dp/068483183X
+ 1 0 0 Bipolar II: Enhance Your Highs, Boost Your Creativity, and Escape the Cycles of Recurrent Depression 1 2006 Ronald Fieve Self-help Bipolar https://www.amazon.com/Bipolar-Creativity-Recurrent-Depression-Essential/dp/1594862249
+ 1 0 0 Loving Someone with Bipolar Disorder 2 2012 Julie A. Fast Self-help Bipolar https://www.amazon.com/Loving-Someone-Bipolar-Disorder-Understanding/dp/1608822192
+ 1 0 0 The Bipolar II Disorder Workbook: Managing Recurring Depression, Hypomania, and Anxiety 1 2013 Stephanie McMurrich Roberts and Louisa Grandin Sylvia and Noreen A. Reilly-Harrington Self-help Bipolar https://www.amazon.com/Bipolar-Disorder-Workbook-Recurring-Depression/dp/1608827666
+ 1 0 0 Raising a Moody Child: How to Cope with Depression and Bipolar Disorder 1 2004 Mary A. Fristad and Jill S. Goldberg Arnold Self-help Bipolar https://www.amazon.com/Raising-Moody-Child-Depression-Disorder/dp/1572308710
+ 1 0 0 The Bipolar Teen: What You Can Do to Help Your Child and Your Family 1 2007 David J. Miklowitz and Elizabeth L. George Self-help Bipolar https://www.amazon.com/Bipolar-Teen-What-Child-Family/dp/1593853181/
+ 1 0 0 Your Child Does Not Have Bipolar Disorder: How Bad Science and Good Public Relations Created the Diagnosis 1 2011 Stuart L Kaplan Self-help Bipolar https://www.amazon.com/Your-Child-Does-Bipolar-Disorder/dp/0313381348/
+ 1 0 0 The Bipolar Child: The Definitive and Reassuring Guide to Childhood's Most Misunderstood Disorder 3 2007 Demitri Papolos and Janice Papolos Self-help Bipolar https://www.amazon.com/Bipolar-Child-Third-Definitive-Misunderstood-ebook/dp/B000W969AY
+ 1 0 0 Bipolar Kids: Helping Your Child Find Calm in the Mood Storm 1 2008 Rosalie Greenberg Self-help Bipolar https://www.amazon.com/Bipolar-Kids-Helping-Child-Storm/dp/0738211133/
+ 1 0 0 Bipolar 101: A Practical Guide to Identifying Triggers, Managing Medications, Coping with Symptoms, and More 1 2009 Ruth C. White and John D. Preston Self-help Bipolar https://www.amazon.com/Bipolar-101-Practical-Identifying-Medications/dp/1572245603
+ 2 0 0 Sure, I'll Join Your Cult: A Memoir of Mental Illness and the Quest to Belong Anywhere 1 2023 Maria Bamford Biography Bipolar https://www.amazon.com/Sure-Ill-Join-Your-Cult/dp/1982168560
+ 1 0 0 The Dialectical Behavior Therapy Skills Workbook for Bipolar Disorder 1 2009 Sheri Van Dijk and Zindel V. Segal Self-help Bipolar https://www.amazon.com/Dialectical-Behavior-Therapy-Workbook-Disorder/dp/1572246286
+ 1 0 0 The Depression and Bipolar Workbook 1 2020 Chris Aiken Self-help Bipolar https://www.amazon.com/Depression-Bipolar-Workbook-Strengthen-Brain/dp/1683732359
+ 1 0 0 Rock Steady: Brilliant Advice From My Bipolar Life 1 2018 Ellen Forney Self-help Bipolar https://www.amazon.com/Rock-Steady-Brilliant-Advice-Bipolar/dp/1683961013
+ 1 0 0 Preventing Bipolar Relapse: A Lifestyle Program to Help You Maintain a Balanced Mood and Live Well 1 2014 Ruth C. White Self-help Bipolar https://www.amazon.com/Preventing-Bipolar-Relapse-Lifestyle-Maintain/dp/1608828816/
+ 2 0 0 Marbles: Mania, Depression, Michelangelo, and Me: A Graphic Memoir 1 2012 Ellen Forney Biography Bipolar https://www.amazon.com/Marbles-Depression-Michelangelo-Graphic-Memoir/dp/1592407323
+ 1 0 0 The Mood Cure: The 4-Step Program to Take Charge of Your Emotions--Today 1 2003 Julia Ross Self-help Moods https://www.amazon.com/Mood-Cure-4-Step-Program-Emotions-Today/dp/0142003646/
+ 1 0 0 Practical Management of Bipolar Disorder 1 2010 Allan H. Young and I. Nicol Ferrier and Erin E. Michalak Self-help Bipolar https://www.amazon.com/Practical-Management-Bipolar-Disorder-Allan/dp/0521734894
+ 2 0 0 Depression, the Mood Disease 1 2006 Francis Mark Mondimore Self-help Depression https://www.amazon.com/Depression-Disease-Johns-Hopkins-Health/dp/0801884519
+ 2 0 0 Practical Psychopharmacology 1 2021 Joseph F. Goldberg and Stephen M. Stahl Reference Psychopharmacology https://www.amazon.com/Practical-Psychopharmacology-Translating-Evidence-Based-Real-World/dp/1108450741
+ 1 0 0 Clinical Handbook for the Management of Mood Disorders 1 2013 J. John Mann and Patrick J. McGrath and Steven P. Roose Reference Moods https://www.amazon.com/Clinical-Handbook-Management-Mood-Disorders/dp/1107024633
+ 1 0 0 Bipolar Disorder: An Information Guide 2 2013 CAMH Bipolar Clinic Staff Self-help Bipolar https://www.amazon.com/Bipolar-Disorder-CAMH-Clinic-Staff/dp/1770525793
+ 1 0 0 Break the Bipolar Cycle: A Day-by-Day Guide to Living with Bipolar Disorder 1 2008 Elizabeth Brondolo Self-help Bipolar https://www.amazon.com/Break-Bipolar-Cycle-Day-Day/dp/0071481532
+ 1 0 0 Bipolar Disorder: A Guide for the Newly Diagnosed 1 2012 Janelle M. Caponigro and Erica H. Lee and Sheri L Johnson and Ann M. Kring Self-help Bipolar https://www.amazon.com/Bipolar-Disorder-Diagnosed-Harbinger-Guides/dp/1608821811
+ 1 0 0 The Concise Guide to Bipolar Disorder 1 2022 Francis Mark Mondimore Self-help Bipolar https://www.amazon.com/Concise-Bipolar-Disorder-Hopkins-Health/dp/1421444038
+ 1 0 0 The Everything Health Guide to Adult Bipolar Disorder: A Reassuring Guide for Patients and Families 1 2014 Dean A Haycock Self-help Bipolar https://www.amazon.com/Everything-Health-Guide-Bipolar-Disorder/dp/1440570132
+ 1 0 0 Bipolar Disorder: Insights for Recovery 2 2003 Jane Mountain Self-help Bipolar https://www.amazon.com/Bipolar-Disorder-Insights-Jane-Mountain/dp/0971927057/
+ 1 0 0 Two Bipolar Chicks Guide to Survival: Tips for Living with Bipolar Disorder 1 2014 Wendy Williamson and Honora Rose Self-help Bipolar https://www.amazon.com/Two-Bipolar-Chicks-Guide-Survival/dp/B08ZBJDYWV
+ 1 0 0 A Brilliant Madness: Living with Manic Depressive Illness 1 1993 Patty Duke and Gloria Hochman Self-help Manic Depression https://www.amazon.com/Brilliant-Madness-Living-Depressive-Illness/dp/0553560727
+ 1 0 29 Manic-Depressive Illness 2 2007 Frederick Goodwin and Kay Redfield Jamison Textbook Manic Depression https://www.amazon.com/Manic-Depressive-Illness-Disorders-Recurrent-Depression/dp/0195331524
+ 2 0 0 Mood Genes: Hunting for Origins of Mania and Depression 1 1999 Samuel H. Barondes Reference Manic Depression https://www.amazon.com/Mood-Genes-Hunting-Depression-Paperbacks/dp/0195131061
+ 1 0 0 Managing Manic Depressive Disorders 1 1997 Ved Varma Self-help Manic Depression https://www.amazon.com/Managing-Manic-Depressive-Disorders-Varma/dp/1853023477/
+ 4 Yes 0 Nutrition and Diet Therapy Reference Dictionary 4 1996 Rosalinda T. Lagua and Virginia S. Claudio Reference Diet https://www.amazon.com/Nutrition-Diet-Therapy-Reference-Dictionary/dp/9401168806
+ 3 Yes 0 The Epilepsy Diet Treatment: An Introduction to the Ketogenic Diet 2 1996 John Mark Freeman and Millicent T. Kelly and Jennifer B. Freeman Self-help Epilepsy https://www.amazon.com/Epilepsy-Diet-Treatment-Introduction-Ketogenic/dp/0939957868/
+ 3 Yes 0 Epilepsy: Problem Solving in Clinical Practice 1 2000 Steven C Schachter and Dieter Schmidt Self-help Epilepsy https://www.amazon.com/Epilepsy-Problem-Solving-Clinical-Practice/dp/1853175048
+ 3 Yes 0 Treating Epilepsy Naturally: A Guide to Alternative and Adjunct Therapies 1 2001 Patricia Murphy Self-help Epilepsy https://www.amazon.com/Treating-Epilepsy-Naturally-Alternative-Therapies/dp/0658013793/
+ 3 Yes 0 Ketogenic Diet Therapies for Epilepsy and Other Conditions 7 2020 Eric Kossoff and Zahava Turner and Mackenzie C. Cervenka and Bobbie J. Barron Self-help Epilepsy https://www.amazon.com/Ketogenic-Therapies-Epilepsy-Conditions-Seventh/dp/0826149588/
+ 3 Yes 0 Epilepsy Across the Spectrum: Promoting Health and Understanding 1 2012 Institute of Medicine Reference Epilepsy https://www.amazon.com/Epilepsy-Across-Spectrum-Promoting-Understanding/dp/0309259533
+ 1 0 0 Healing Depression & Bipolar Disorder Without Drugs: Inspiring Stories of Restoring Mental Health Through Natural Therapies 1 2006 Gracelyn Guyol Self-help Bipolar https://www.amazon.com/Healing-Depression-Bipolar-Disorder-Without/dp/080271496X/
+ 1 0 0 The Natural Medicine Guide to Bipolar Disorder: New Revised Edition 2 2011 Stephanie Marohn Self-help Bipolar https://www.amazon.com/Natural-Medicine-Guide-Bipolar-Disorder/dp/1571746560/
+ 1 0 0 The Bipolar Disorder Answer Book: Professional Answers to More than 275 Top Questions 1 2007 Charles Atkins Self-help Bipolar https://www.amazon.com/Bipolar-Disorder-Answer-Book-Professional/dp/1402210574/
+ 1 0 0 Bipolar 2: Creating The Right Bipolar Diet & Nutritional Plan to Deal with Bipolar Type II Today 1 2015 Samantha Rose Self-help Bipolar https://www.amazon.com/Bipolar-Creating-Right-Nutritional-Today/dp/1628841370/
+ 1 0 0 The Tao of Bipolar: Using Meditation and Mindfulness to Find Balance and Peace 1 2013 C. Alexander Simpkins and Annellen M. Simpkins Self-help Bipolar https://www.amazon.com/Tao-Bipolar-Meditation-Mindfulness-Balance/dp/1608822923/
+ 1 0 0 The Bipolar Advantage 1 2006 Tom Wootton Self-help Bipolar https://www.amazon.com/Bipolar-Advantage-Tom-Wootton/dp/0977442306/
+ 1 0 0 The Homeopathic Treatment of Depression, Anxiety, Bipolar and Other Mental and Emotional Problems: Homeopathic Alternatives to Conventional Drug Therapy 1 2012 Judyth Reichenberg-Ullman and Robert William Ullman Self-help Bipolar https://www.amazon.com/Homeopathic-Treatment-Depression-Emotional-Problems/dp/0964065401/
+ 2 0 0 When Screams Become Whispers: One Man’s Inspiring Victory Over Bipolar Disorder 1 2021 Bob Krulish and Alee Anderson Biography Bipolar https://www.amazon.com/When-Screams-Become-Whispers-Inspiring/dp/1631953133/
+ 1 0 0 Surviving Manic Depression: A Manual on Bipolar Disorder for Patients, Families, and Providers 1 2005 E Fuller Torrey and Michael B Knable Self-help Manic Depression https://www.amazon.com/Surviving-Manic-Depression-Disorder-Providers/dp/0465086640
+ 1 0 0 Bipolar Disorder: A Guide for You and Your Loved Ones 4 2020 Francis Mark Mondimore Self-help Bipolar https://www.amazon.com/Bipolar-Disorder-Guide-Hopkins-Health/dp/1421439069
+ 1 0 0 Owning Bipolar: How Patients and Families Can Take Control of Bipolar Disorder 1 2018 Michael G. Pipich Self-help Bipolar https://www.amazon.com/Owning-Bipolar-Patients-Families-Disorder/dp/0806538791
+ 1 0 0 Understanding and Loving a Person with Bipolar Disorder: Biblical and Practical Wisdom to Build Empathy, Preserve Boundaries, and Show Compassion 1 2018 Stephen Arterburn and Becky Lyke Brown Self-help Bipolar https://www.amazon.com/Understanding-Loving-Person-Bipolar-Disorder/dp/078141492X
+ 1 0 0 Survival Strategies for Parenting Children with Bipolar Disorder 1 2000 George T. Lynn Self-help Bipolar https://www.amazon.com/Survival-Strategies-Parenting-Children-Disorder/dp/1853029211
+ 1 0.3 0 Understanding Bipolar Disorder: The Essential Family Guide 1 2020 Aimee Daramus Self-help Bipolar https://www.amazon.com/Understanding-Bipolar-Disorder-Essential-Family/dp/1647390001/
+ 1 0 0 Bipolar, Not So Much: Understanding Your Mood Swings and Depression 1 2017 James R. Phelps and Chris Aiken Self-help Bipolar https://www.amazon.com/Bipolar-Not-Much-Understanding-Depression-ebook/dp/B01CKZM3A2/
+ 2 0 0 Burn Rate: Launching a Startup and Losing My Mind 1 2022 Andy Dunn Biography Bipolar https://www.amazon.com/Burn-Rate-Launching-Startup-Losing/dp/0593238265
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+ SearchGroup KetoMentions Title Edition Year Author Category Focus Amazon
+ 1 0 Mastering Bipolar Disorder: An Insider's Guide to Managing Mood Swings and Finding Balance 1 2008 Kerrie Eyers and Gordon Parker Self-help Bipolar https://www.amazon.com/Mastering-Bipolar-Disorder-Insiders-Managing/dp/1741755468
+ 1 0 The Bipolar Disorder Survival Guide 2 2010 David J. Miklowitz Self-help Bipolar https://www.amazon.com/Bipolar-Disorder-Survival-Guide-Second/dp/1606235427/
+ 1 0 Bipolar Disorder For Dummies 4 2023 Candida Fink and Joseph Kraynak Self-help Bipolar https://www.amazon.com/Bipolar-Disorder-Dummies-Candida-Fink-ebook/dp/B0BYQS91ZG/
+ 1 0 Take Charge of Bipolar Disorder 1 2006 Julie A. Fast Self-help Bipolar https://www.amazon.com/Take-Charge-Bipolar-Disorder-Stability/dp/0446697613/
+ 1 3 Take Charge of Bipolar Disorder 2 2023 Julie A. Fast and John Preston Self-help Bipolar https://www.amazon.com/Take-Charge-Bipolar-Disorder-Stability/dp/1538725029/
+ 1 0 The Bipolar Workbook 2 2015 Monica Ramirez Basco Self-help Bipolar https://www.amazon.com/Bipolar-Workbook-Second-Controlling-Swings/dp/1462520235/
+ 2 0 Madness: A Bipolar Life 1 2009 Marya Hornbacher Biography Bipolar https://www.amazon.com/Madness-Bipolar-Life-Marya-Hornbacher/dp/0547237804
+ 2 0 An Unquiet Mind 1 1995 Kay Redfield Jamison Biography Bipolar https://www.amazon.com/Unquiet-Mind-Memoir-Moods-Madness/dp/0679763309/
+ 2 0 Touched with Fire: Manic-Depressive Illness and the Artistic Temperament 1 1996 Kay Redfield Jamison Biography Bipolar https://www.amazon.com/Touched-Fire-Manic-Depressive-Artistic-Temperament/dp/068483183X
+ 1 0 Bipolar II: Enhance Your Highs, Boost Your Creativity, and Escape the Cycles of Recurrent Depression 1 2006 Ronald Fieve Self-help Bipolar https://www.amazon.com/Bipolar-Creativity-Recurrent-Depression-Essential/dp/1594862249
+ 1 0 Loving Someone with Bipolar Disorder 2 2012 Julie A. Fast Self-help Bipolar https://www.amazon.com/Loving-Someone-Bipolar-Disorder-Understanding/dp/1608822192
+ 1 0 The Bipolar II Disorder Workbook: Managing Recurring Depression, Hypomania, and Anxiety 1 2013 Stephanie McMurrich Roberts and Louisa Grandin Sylvia and Noreen A. Reilly-Harrington Self-help Bipolar https://www.amazon.com/Bipolar-Disorder-Workbook-Recurring-Depression/dp/1608827666
+ 1 0 Raising a Moody Child: How to Cope with Depression and Bipolar Disorder 1 2004 Mary A. Fristad and Jill S. Goldberg Arnold Self-help Bipolar https://www.amazon.com/Raising-Moody-Child-Depression-Disorder/dp/1572308710
+ 1 0 The Bipolar Teen: What You Can Do to Help Your Child and Your Family 1 2007 David J. Miklowitz and Elizabeth L. George Self-help Bipolar https://www.amazon.com/Bipolar-Teen-What-Child-Family/dp/1593853181/
+ 1 0 Your Child Does Not Have Bipolar Disorder: How Bad Science and Good Public Relations Created the Diagnosis 1 2011 Stuart L Kaplan Self-help Bipolar https://www.amazon.com/Your-Child-Does-Bipolar-Disorder/dp/0313381348/
+ 1 0 The Bipolar Child: The Definitive and Reassuring Guide to Childhood's Most Misunderstood Disorder 3 2007 Demitri Papolos and Janice Papolos Self-help Bipolar https://www.amazon.com/Bipolar-Child-Third-Definitive-Misunderstood-ebook/dp/B000W969AY
+ 1 0 Bipolar Kids: Helping Your Child Find Calm in the Mood Storm 1 2008 Rosalie Greenberg Self-help Bipolar https://www.amazon.com/Bipolar-Kids-Helping-Child-Storm/dp/0738211133/
+ 1 0 Bipolar 101: A Practical Guide to Identifying Triggers, Managing Medications, Coping with Symptoms, and More 1 2009 Ruth C. White and John D. Preston Self-help Bipolar https://www.amazon.com/Bipolar-101-Practical-Identifying-Medications/dp/1572245603
+ 2 0 Sure, I'll Join Your Cult: A Memoir of Mental Illness and the Quest to Belong Anywhere 1 2023 Maria Bamford Biography Bipolar https://www.amazon.com/Sure-Ill-Join-Your-Cult/dp/1982168560
+ 1 0 The Dialectical Behavior Therapy Skills Workbook for Bipolar Disorder 1 2009 Sheri Van Dijk and Zindel V. Segal Self-help Bipolar https://www.amazon.com/Dialectical-Behavior-Therapy-Workbook-Disorder/dp/1572246286
+ 1 0 The Depression and Bipolar Workbook 1 2020 Chris Aiken Self-help Bipolar https://www.amazon.com/Depression-Bipolar-Workbook-Strengthen-Brain/dp/1683732359
+ 1 0 Rock Steady: Brilliant Advice From My Bipolar Life 1 2018 Ellen Forney Self-help Bipolar https://www.amazon.com/Rock-Steady-Brilliant-Advice-Bipolar/dp/1683961013
+ 1 0 Preventing Bipolar Relapse: A Lifestyle Program to Help You Maintain a Balanced Mood and Live Well 1 2014 Ruth C. White Self-help Bipolar https://www.amazon.com/Preventing-Bipolar-Relapse-Lifestyle-Maintain/dp/1608828816/
+ 2 0 Marbles: Mania, Depression, Michelangelo, and Me: A Graphic Memoir 1 2012 Ellen Forney Biography Bipolar https://www.amazon.com/Marbles-Depression-Michelangelo-Graphic-Memoir/dp/1592407323
+ 1 0 The Mood Cure: The 4-Step Program to Take Charge of Your Emotions--Today 1 2003 Julia Ross Self-help Moods https://www.amazon.com/Mood-Cure-4-Step-Program-Emotions-Today/dp/0142003646/
+ 1 0 Practical Management of Bipolar Disorder 1 2010 Allan H. Young and I. Nicol Ferrier and Erin E. Michalak Self-help Bipolar https://www.amazon.com/Practical-Management-Bipolar-Disorder-Allan/dp/0521734894
+ 2 0 Depression, the Mood Disease 1 2006 Francis Mark Mondimore Self-help Depression https://www.amazon.com/Depression-Disease-Johns-Hopkins-Health/dp/0801884519
+ 2 0 Practical Psychopharmacology 1 2021 Joseph F. Goldberg and Stephen M. Stahl Reference Psychopharmacology https://www.amazon.com/Practical-Psychopharmacology-Translating-Evidence-Based-Real-World/dp/1108450741
+ 1 0 Clinical Handbook for the Management of Mood Disorders 1 2013 J. John Mann and Patrick J. McGrath and Steven P. Roose Reference Moods https://www.amazon.com/Clinical-Handbook-Management-Mood-Disorders/dp/1107024633
+ 1 0 Bipolar Disorder: An Information Guide 2 2013 CAMH Bipolar Clinic Staff Self-help Bipolar https://www.amazon.com/Bipolar-Disorder-CAMH-Clinic-Staff/dp/1770525793
+ 1 0 Break the Bipolar Cycle: A Day-by-Day Guide to Living with Bipolar Disorder 1 2008 Elizabeth Brondolo Self-help Bipolar https://www.amazon.com/Break-Bipolar-Cycle-Day-Day/dp/0071481532
+ 1 0 Bipolar Disorder: A Guide for the Newly Diagnosed 1 2012 Janelle M. Caponigro and Erica H. Lee and Sheri L Johnson and Ann M. Kring Self-help Bipolar https://www.amazon.com/Bipolar-Disorder-Diagnosed-Harbinger-Guides/dp/1608821811
+ 1 0 The Concise Guide to Bipolar Disorder 1 2022 Francis Mark Mondimore Self-help Bipolar https://www.amazon.com/Concise-Bipolar-Disorder-Hopkins-Health/dp/1421444038
+ 1 0 The Everything Health Guide to Adult Bipolar Disorder: A Reassuring Guide for Patients and Families 1 2014 Dean A Haycock Self-help Bipolar https://www.amazon.com/Everything-Health-Guide-Bipolar-Disorder/dp/1440570132
+ 1 0 Bipolar Disorder: Insights for Recovery 2 2003 Jane Mountain Self-help Bipolar https://www.amazon.com/Bipolar-Disorder-Insights-Jane-Mountain/dp/0971927057/
+ 1 0 Two Bipolar Chicks Guide to Survival: Tips for Living with Bipolar Disorder 1 2014 Wendy Williamson and Honora Rose Self-help Bipolar https://www.amazon.com/Two-Bipolar-Chicks-Guide-Survival/dp/B08ZBJDYWV
+ 1 0 A Brilliant Madness: Living with Manic Depressive Illness 1 1993 Patty Duke and Gloria Hochman Self-help Manic Depression https://www.amazon.com/Brilliant-Madness-Living-Depressive-Illness/dp/0553560727
+ 1 0 Manic-Depressive Illness 2 2007 Frederick Goodwin and Kay Redfield Jamison Textbook Manic Depression https://www.amazon.com/Manic-Depressive-Illness-Disorders-Recurrent-Depression/dp/0195331524
+ 2 0 Mood Genes: Hunting for Origins of Mania and Depression 1 1999 Samuel H. Barondes Reference Manic Depression https://www.amazon.com/Mood-Genes-Hunting-Depression-Paperbacks/dp/0195131061
+ 1 0 Managing Manic Depressive Disorders 1 1997 Ved Varma Self-help Manic Depression https://www.amazon.com/Managing-Manic-Depressive-Disorders-Varma/dp/1853023477/
+ 4 Yes Nutrition and Diet Therapy Reference Dictionary 4 1996 Rosalinda T. Lagua and Virginia S. Claudio Reference Diet https://www.amazon.com/Nutrition-Diet-Therapy-Reference-Dictionary/dp/9401168806
+ 3 Yes The Epilepsy Diet Treatment: An Introduction to the Ketogenic Diet 2 1996 John Mark Freeman and Millicent T. Kelly and Jennifer B. Freeman Self-help Epilepsy https://www.amazon.com/Epilepsy-Diet-Treatment-Introduction-Ketogenic/dp/0939957868/
+ 3 Yes Epilepsy: Problem Solving in Clinical Practice 1 2000 Steven C Schachter and Dieter Schmidt Self-help Epilepsy https://www.amazon.com/Epilepsy-Problem-Solving-Clinical-Practice/dp/1853175048
+ 3 Yes Treating Epilepsy Naturally: A Guide to Alternative and Adjunct Therapies 1 2001 Patricia Murphy Self-help Epilepsy https://www.amazon.com/Treating-Epilepsy-Naturally-Alternative-Therapies/dp/0658013793/
+ 3 Yes Ketogenic Diet Therapies for Epilepsy and Other Conditions 7 2020 Eric Kossoff and Zahava Turner and Mackenzie C. Cervenka and Bobbie J. Barron Self-help Epilepsy https://www.amazon.com/Ketogenic-Therapies-Epilepsy-Conditions-Seventh/dp/0826149588/
+ 3 Yes Epilepsy Across the Spectrum: Promoting Health and Understanding 1 2012 Institute of Medicine Reference Epilepsy https://www.amazon.com/Epilepsy-Across-Spectrum-Promoting-Understanding/dp/0309259533
+ 1 0 Healing Depression & Bipolar Disorder Without Drugs: Inspiring Stories of Restoring Mental Health Through Natural Therapies 1 2006 Gracelyn Guyol Self-help Bipolar https://www.amazon.com/Healing-Depression-Bipolar-Disorder-Without/dp/080271496X/
+ 1 0 The Natural Medicine Guide to Bipolar Disorder: New Revised Edition 2 2011 Stephanie Marohn Self-help Bipolar https://www.amazon.com/Natural-Medicine-Guide-Bipolar-Disorder/dp/1571746560/
+ 1 0 The Bipolar Disorder Answer Book: Professional Answers to More than 275 Top Questions 1 2007 Charles Atkins Self-help Bipolar https://www.amazon.com/Bipolar-Disorder-Answer-Book-Professional/dp/1402210574/
+ 1 0 Bipolar 2: Creating The Right Bipolar Diet & Nutritional Plan to Deal with Bipolar Type II Today 1 2015 Samantha Rose Self-help Bipolar https://www.amazon.com/Bipolar-Creating-Right-Nutritional-Today/dp/1628841370/
+ 1 0 The Tao of Bipolar: Using Meditation and Mindfulness to Find Balance and Peace 1 2013 C. Alexander Simpkins and Annellen M. Simpkins Self-help Bipolar https://www.amazon.com/Tao-Bipolar-Meditation-Mindfulness-Balance/dp/1608822923/
+ 1 0 The Bipolar Advantage 1 2006 Tom Wootton Self-help Bipolar https://www.amazon.com/Bipolar-Advantage-Tom-Wootton/dp/0977442306/
+ 1 0 The Homeopathic Treatment of Depression, Anxiety, Bipolar and Other Mental and Emotional Problems: Homeopathic Alternatives to Conventional Drug Therapy 1 2012 Judyth Reichenberg-Ullman and Robert William Ullman Self-help Bipolar https://www.amazon.com/Homeopathic-Treatment-Depression-Emotional-Problems/dp/0964065401/
+ 2 0 When Screams Become Whispers: One Man’s Inspiring Victory Over Bipolar Disorder 1 2021 Bob Krulish and Alee Anderson Biography Bipolar https://www.amazon.com/When-Screams-Become-Whispers-Inspiring/dp/1631953133/
+ 1 0 Surviving Manic Depression: A Manual on Bipolar Disorder for Patients, Families, and Providers 1 2005 E Fuller Torrey and Michael B Knable Self-help Manic Depression https://www.amazon.com/Surviving-Manic-Depression-Disorder-Providers/dp/0465086640
+ 1 0 Bipolar Disorder: A Guide for You and Your Loved Ones 4 2020 Francis Mark Mondimore Self-help Bipolar https://www.amazon.com/Bipolar-Disorder-Guide-Hopkins-Health/dp/1421439069
+ 1 0 Owning Bipolar: How Patients and Families Can Take Control of Bipolar Disorder 1 2018 Michael G. Pipich Self-help Bipolar https://www.amazon.com/Owning-Bipolar-Patients-Families-Disorder/dp/0806538791
+ 1 0 Understanding and Loving a Person with Bipolar Disorder: Biblical and Practical Wisdom to Build Empathy, Preserve Boundaries, and Show Compassion 1 2018 Stephen Arterburn and Becky Lyke Brown Self-help Bipolar https://www.amazon.com/Understanding-Loving-Person-Bipolar-Disorder/dp/078141492X
+ 1 0 Survival Strategies for Parenting Children with Bipolar Disorder 1 2000 George T. Lynn Self-help Bipolar https://www.amazon.com/Survival-Strategies-Parenting-Children-Disorder/dp/1853029211
+ 1 0.3 Understanding Bipolar Disorder: The Essential Family Guide 1 2020 Aimee Daramus Self-help Bipolar https://www.amazon.com/Understanding-Bipolar-Disorder-Essential-Family/dp/1647390001/
+ 1 0 Bipolar, Not So Much: Understanding Your Mood Swings and Depression 1 2017 James R. Phelps and Chris Aiken Self-help Bipolar https://www.amazon.com/Bipolar-Not-Much-Understanding-Depression-ebook/dp/B01CKZM3A2/
+ 2 0 Burn Rate: Launching a Startup and Losing My Mind 1 2022 Andy Dunn Biography Bipolar https://www.amazon.com/Burn-Rate-Launching-Startup-Losing/dp/0593238265
package.json
Changed around line 18
- "scroll-cli": "^174.1.0"
+ "scroll-cli": "^174.1.1"
.scroll.css
Changed around line 0
- :root {
- /* Derived Colors */
- --scrollColorPrimary: rgba(var(--scrollPrimaryRgb), 0.8);
- --scrollColorPrimaryHover: rgba(var(--scrollPrimaryRgb), 0.9);
- --scrollColorPrimaryActive: rgb(var(--scrollPrimaryRgb));
-
- --scrollColorSurface: rgba(var(--scrollSurfaceRgb), 0.4);
- --scrollColorSurfaceAlt: rgba(var(--scrollSurfaceRgb), 0.6);
- --scrollColorBorder: rgba(var(--scrollSurfaceRgb), 0.8);
- }
-
- html,
- body,
- div,
- span,
- p,
- ol,
- ul,
- li,
- table,
- figure {
- margin: 0;
- padding: 0;
- border: 0;
- vertical-align: baseline;
- border-spacing: 0;
- }
-
- html {
- background-color: var(--scrollColorBackground);
- font-family: var(--scrollFontPrimary);
- color: var(--scrollColorText);
- font-size: var(--scrollBaseFontSize);
- hyphens: auto;
- height: 100%;
- }
-
- .dropcap:first-letter {
- font-size: 3rem;
- line-height: 0.9em;
- margin-right: 0.125rem;
- display: block;
- float: left;
- }
-
- .abstractDinkusParser {
- text-align: center;
- padding: 1rem;
- }
-
- .abstractDinkusParser span {
- vertical-align: sub;
- }
-
- details {
- margin-top: 10px;
- }
-
- summary {
- font-family: var(--scrollFontUi);
- cursor: pointer;
- }
-
- .scrollCaptionedFigure {
- display: block;
- break-inside: avoid;
- max-width: 100%;
- text-align: center;
- }
-
- .scrollCaptionedFigure img {
- max-width: 100%;
- height: auto;
- margin-top: 0.1875rem;
- }
-
- .scrollCaptionedFigure figcaption {
- font-family: var(--scrollFontUi);
- font-size: 0.8rem;
- }
-
- .scrollCaptionedFigure figcaption .scrollParagraph {
- margin-top: 0;
- }
-
- .scrollCodeBlock {
- overflow: auto;
- font-size: 0.8rem;
- hyphens: none;
- white-space: pre;
- break-inside: avoid;
- display: block;
- margin: 0.5rem 0;
- padding: 0.5rem;
- border-radius: 0;
- position: relative;
- border-left: 0.5rem solid var(--scrollColorBorder);
- }
-
- .codeWithHeader {
- break-inside: avoid-column;
- margin: 10px 0;
- }
-
- .codeHeader {
- font-size: 80%;
- text-align: center;
- background: var(--scrollColorSurfaceAlt);
- border: 1px solid var(--scrollColorBorder);
- border-bottom: 0;
- margin-bottom: -7px;
- padding: 4px 2px;
- border-top-left-radius: 3px;
- border-top-right-radius: 3px;
- }
-
- .scrollCodeBlock:hover .scrollCopyButton {
- opacity: 0.5;
- }
-
- .scrollCodeBlock:hover .scrollCopyButton:hover {
- opacity: 0.8;
- }
-
- .scrollCodeBlock:hover .scrollCopyButton:active {
- opacity: 1;
- }
-
- .scrollCopyButton {
- position: absolute;
- top: 0.125rem;
- right: 0.125rem;
- font-size: 0.875rem;
- cursor: pointer;
- opacity: 0;
- }
-
- .scrollCopyButton::after {
- content: "[ ]";
- }
-
- .scrollCopiedButton::after {
- content: "[✓]";
- }
-
- ol,
- ul {
- padding-left: 1rem;
- }
-
- li {
- margin-top: 0.4rem;
- line-height: 1.4;
- }
-
- a {
- text-decoration-color: transparent;
- color: var(--scrollColorLink);
- }
-
- a:hover {
- text-decoration-color: initial;
- }
-
- .scrollButton {
- background: linear-gradient(
- 180deg,
- var(--scrollColorPrimary) 0%,
- color-mix(in srgb, var(--scrollColorPrimary), black 15%) 100%
- );
- border-radius: 6px;
- color: white;
- padding: 10px 20px;
- display: inline-block;
- border: 0;
- cursor: pointer;
- transition: all 0.2s ease;
- transform: translateY(0);
- /* Halved shadow distances */
- box-shadow:
- 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1),
- /* Ambient shadow (halved) */ 0 1px 0 rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.2) inset,
- /* Top highlight */ 0 -1px 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) inset,
- /* Bottom shadow (halved) */ 0 1.5px 0
- color-mix(in srgb, var(--scrollColorPrimary), black 30%); /* 3D base (halved) */
- }
-
- .scrollButton a {
- color: white;
- text-decoration: none;
- text-shadow: 0 0.5px 0.5px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2); /* Text depth (halved) */
- }
-
- .scrollButton:hover {
- background: linear-gradient(
- 180deg,
- color-mix(in srgb, var(--scrollColorPrimary), white 10%) 0%,
- var(--scrollColorPrimary) 100%
- );
- transform: translateY(-1px); /* Halved */
- box-shadow:
- 0 2px 4px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.15),
- /* Halved */ 0 1px 0 rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.2) inset,
- 0 -1px 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) inset,
- 0 2.5px 0 color-mix(in srgb, var(--scrollColorPrimary), black 30%); /* Halved */
- }
-
- .scrollButton:active {
- background: linear-gradient(
- 180deg,
- color-mix(in srgb, var(--scrollColorPrimary), black 10%) 0%,
- var(--scrollColorPrimary) 100%
- );
- transform: translateY(1px); /* Halved */
- box-shadow:
- 0 0.5px 1px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1),
- /* Halved */ 0 1px 0 rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.15) inset,
- 0 -0.5px 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) inset,
- 0 0.5px 0 color-mix(in srgb, var(--scrollColorPrimary), black 30%); /* Halved */
- }
- sup,
- sub {
- vertical-align: baseline;
- position: relative;
- top: -0.375rem;
- }
-
- sub {
- top: 0.375rem;
- }
-
- p {
- margin-top: 0.4rem;
- line-height: 1.4rem;
- }
-
- .scrollQuote {
- break-inside: avoid;
- display: block;
- margin: 0.5rem 0;
- padding: 0.5rem;
- background: var(--scrollColorSurface);
- white-space: pre-line;
- border-left: 0.5rem solid var(--scrollColorBorder);
- }
-
- .scrollInlineCode {
- font-family: var(--scrollFontMono);
- font-size: 0.9rem;
- background-color: var(--scrollColorSurface);
- padding: 0.125rem 0.25rem;
- border-radius: 0.25rem;
- }
-
- .scrollParagraph {
- text-align: justify;
- }
-
- center .scrollParagraph {
- text-align: center;
- }
-
- .subdued {
- color: var(--scrollColorSubdued);
- }
-
- .scrollColumns {
- column-count: auto;
- column-fill: balance;
- column-width: 35ch;
- column-gap: 1.5rem;
- padding-left: 1.25rem;
- padding-right: 1.25rem;
- margin: auto;
- }
-
- .scrollSnippetContainer {
- padding: 1ch 0;
- break-inside: avoid;
- text-align: justify;
- }
-
- h1,
- h2,
- h3,
- h4 {
- margin: 0.625rem 0;
- }
-
- h1 {
- font-size: 1.25rem;
- }
-
- h2 {
- font-size: 1.125rem;
- }
-
- h3,
- h4 {
- font-size: 1rem;
- }
-
- h1.printTitleParser {
- text-align: center;
- margin: auto;
- margin-bottom: 0.15625rem;
- margin-top: 0;
- font-size: 1.75rem;
- max-width: calc(100vw - 2 * (1.5625rem + 1.875rem));
- }
-
- h1.printTitleParser a {
- color: var(--scrollColorText);
- }
-
- .printDateParser {
- text-align: center;
- }
- .scrollDateline,
- .printDateParser {
- font-style: italic;
- line-height: 1.4rem;
- font-size: 0.75rem;
- }
-
- .scrollSection {
- break-inside: avoid;
- max-width: 90%; /* Matches text width */
- text-align: center;
- margin: 0 auto; /* Centers images */
- }
-
- .scrollSection h1,
- .scrollSection h2,
- .scrollSection h3,
- .scrollSection h4 {
- text-align: center;
- }
-
- h4.scrollQuestion {
- text-align: left;
- margin: 1.4rem 0 0 0;
- }
-
- .scrollSection:first-child h1,
- .scrollSection:first-child h2,
- .scrollSection:first-child h3,
- .scrollSection:first-child h4 {
- margin-top: 0;
- }
-
- .scrollSection:first-child h4.scrollQuestion {
- margin-top: 0;
- }
-
- .scrollNoteLink {
- opacity: 0.4;
- text-decoration: none;
- }
-
- .scrollNoteLink:hover {
- opacity: 1;
- }
-
- .scrollFootNoteUsageLink {
- opacity: 0.7;
- text-decoration: none;
- }
-
- .scrollFootNoteUsageLink:hover {
- opacity: 1;
- }
-
- .scrollHoverNote {
- text-decoration: underline dashed 1px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1);
- cursor: default;
- }
-
- .scrollTable {
- table-layout: fixed;
- font-family: var(--scrollFontUi);
- margin: 0.5rem 0;
- overflow: hidden;
- font-size: 0.8rem;
- width: 100%;
- hyphens: none;
- border: 1px solid var(--scrollColorBorder);
- }
-
- .scrollTable td,
- .scrollTable th {
- padding: 0.1875rem;
- overflow: hidden;
- white-space: nowrap;
- }
-
- .scrollTable th {
- text-transform: capitalize;
- border-bottom: 2px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.6);
- text-align: left;
- }
-
- .scrollTable tr:nth-child(even) {
- background: var(--scrollColorSurface);
- }
-
- .scrollTable pre {
- white-space: nowrap;
- overflow: hidden;
- margin: 0;
- }
-
- .scrollTable.expandedTable {
- table-layout: unset;
- background: white;
- position: relative;
- z-index: 10;
- overflow: unset;
- }
-
- .scrollTable.expandedTable pre {
- white-space: unset;
- overflow: unset;
- }
-
- .scrollTable.expandedTable td,
- .scrollTable.expandedTable th {
- overflow: unset;
- white-space: unset;
- }
-
- .printAuthorsParser {
- font-size: 0.875rem;
- font-style: italic;
- margin: 0.25rem 0;
- text-align: center;
- }
-
- .abstractTextLinkParser {
- text-align: center;
- margin: 0.5em auto;
- font-family: Verdana;
- font-weight: 100;
- }
-
- .abstractTextLinkParser a {
- color: var(--scrollColorBorder);
- }
-
- .abstractTextLinkParser a:hover {
- color: #333;
- }
-
- .scrollContinueReadingLink {
- display: block;
- text-align: center;
- }
-
- .scrollDashboard {
- width: 100%;
- font-size: 1.875rem;
- text-align: center;
- font-weight: bold;
- break-inside: avoid;
- margin-top: 0.5rem;
- margin-bottom: 0.5rem;
- }
-
- .scrollDashboard td {
- width: 33.3%;
- border: 1px solid #e8e8e8;
- }
-
- .scrollDashboard span {
- font-size: 1.25rem;
- display: block;
- }
-
- .scrollChat span {
- font-family: Verdana;
- margin-top: 0.3125rem;
- padding: 0.3125rem 1.25rem;
- border-radius: 0.9375rem;
- display: inline-block;
- }
-
- .scrollChatLeft span {
- background: var(--scrollColorSurface);
- }
-
- .scrollChatRight span {
- color: white;
- background: rgb(0, 132, 255);
- }
-
- .scrollYouTubeHolder {
- position: relative;
- width: 100%;
- height: 0;
- padding-bottom: 56.25%;
- }
-
- .scrollYouTubeEmbed {
- position: absolute;
- top: 0;
- left: 0;
- width: 100%;
- height: 100%;
- }
- nav ul {
- list-style: none;
- margin: 0;
- padding: 0;
- display: flex;
- justify-content: center;
- }
- nav li {
- padding: 0 10px;
- }
.scroll.css
Changed around line 1
+ :root {
+ /* Derived Colors */
+ --scrollColorPrimary: rgba(var(--scrollPrimaryRgb), 0.8);
+ --scrollColorPrimaryHover: rgba(var(--scrollPrimaryRgb), 0.9);
+ --scrollColorPrimaryActive: rgb(var(--scrollPrimaryRgb));
+
+ --scrollColorSurface: rgba(var(--scrollSurfaceRgb), 0.4);
+ --scrollColorSurfaceAlt: rgba(var(--scrollSurfaceRgb), 0.6);
+ --scrollColorBorder: rgba(var(--scrollSurfaceRgb), 0.8);
+ }
+
+ html,
+ body,
+ div,
+ span,
+ p,
+ ol,
+ ul,
+ li,
+ table,
+ figure {
+ margin: 0;
+ padding: 0;
+ border: 0;
+ vertical-align: baseline;
+ border-spacing: 0;
+ }
+
+ html {
+ background-color: var(--scrollColorBackground);
+ font-family: var(--scrollFontPrimary);
+ color: var(--scrollColorText);
+ font-size: var(--scrollBaseFontSize);
+ hyphens: auto;
+ height: 100%;
+ }
+
+ .dropcap:first-letter {
+ font-size: 3rem;
+ line-height: 0.9em;
+ margin-right: 0.125rem;
+ display: block;
+ float: left;
+ }
+
+ .abstractDinkusParser {
+ text-align: center;
+ padding: 1rem;
+ }
+
+ .abstractDinkusParser span {
+ vertical-align: sub;
+ }
+
+ details {
+ margin-top: 10px;
+ }
+
+ summary {
+ font-family: var(--scrollFontUi);
+ cursor: pointer;
+ }
+
+ .scrollCaptionedFigure {
+ display: block;
+ break-inside: avoid;
+ max-width: 100%;
+ text-align: center;
+ }
+
+ .scrollCaptionedFigure img {
+ max-width: 100%;
+ height: auto;
+ margin-top: 0.1875rem;
+ }
+
+ .scrollCaptionedFigure figcaption {
+ font-family: var(--scrollFontUi);
+ font-size: 0.8rem;
+ }
+
+ .scrollCaptionedFigure figcaption .scrollParagraph {
+ margin-top: 0;
+ }
+
+ .scrollCodeBlock {
+ overflow: auto;
+ font-size: 0.8rem;
+ hyphens: none;
+ white-space: pre;
+ break-inside: avoid;
+ display: block;
+ margin: 0.5rem 0;
+ padding: 0.5rem;
+ border-radius: 0;
+ position: relative;
+ border-left: 0.5rem solid var(--scrollColorBorder);
+ }
+
+ .codeWithHeader {
+ break-inside: avoid-column;
+ margin: 10px 0;
+ }
+
+ .codeHeader {
+ font-size: 80%;
+ text-align: center;
+ background: var(--scrollColorSurfaceAlt);
+ border: 1px solid var(--scrollColorBorder);
+ border-bottom: 0;
+ margin-bottom: -7px;
+ padding: 4px 2px;
+ border-top-left-radius: 3px;
+ border-top-right-radius: 3px;
+ }
+
+ .scrollCodeBlock:hover .scrollCopyButton {
+ opacity: 0.5;
+ }
+
+ .scrollCodeBlock:hover .scrollCopyButton:hover {
+ opacity: 0.8;
+ }
+
+ .scrollCodeBlock:hover .scrollCopyButton:active {
+ opacity: 1;
+ }
+
+ .scrollCopyButton {
+ position: absolute;
+ top: 0.125rem;
+ right: 0.125rem;
+ font-size: 0.875rem;
+ cursor: pointer;
+ opacity: 0;
+ }
+
+ .scrollCopyButton::after {
+ content: "[ ]";
+ }
+
+ .scrollCopiedButton::after {
+ content: "[✓]";
+ }
+
+ ol,
+ ul {
+ padding-left: 1rem;
+ }
+
+ li {
+ margin-top: 0.4rem;
+ line-height: 1.4;
+ }
+
+ a {
+ text-decoration-color: transparent;
+ color: var(--scrollColorLink);
+ }
+
+ a:hover {
+ text-decoration-color: initial;
+ }
+
+ .scrollButton {
+ background: linear-gradient(
+ 180deg,
+ var(--scrollColorPrimary) 0%,
+ color-mix(in srgb, var(--scrollColorPrimary), black 15%) 100%
+ );
+ border-radius: 6px;
+ color: white;
+ padding: 10px 20px;
+ display: inline-block;
+ border: 0;
+ cursor: pointer;
+ transition: all 0.2s ease;
+ transform: translateY(0);
+ /* Halved shadow distances */
+ box-shadow:
+ 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1),
+ /* Ambient shadow (halved) */ 0 1px 0 rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.2) inset,
+ /* Top highlight */ 0 -1px 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) inset,
+ /* Bottom shadow (halved) */ 0 1.5px 0
+ color-mix(in srgb, var(--scrollColorPrimary), black 30%); /* 3D base (halved) */
+ }
+
+ .scrollButton a {
+ color: white;
+ text-decoration: none;
+ text-shadow: 0 0.5px 0.5px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2); /* Text depth (halved) */
+ }
+
+ .scrollButton:hover {
+ background: linear-gradient(
+ 180deg,
+ color-mix(in srgb, var(--scrollColorPrimary), white 10%) 0%,
+ var(--scrollColorPrimary) 100%
+ );
+ transform: translateY(-1px); /* Halved */
+ box-shadow:
+ 0 2px 4px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.15),
+ /* Halved */ 0 1px 0 rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.2) inset,
+ 0 -1px 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) inset,
+ 0 2.5px 0 color-mix(in srgb, var(--scrollColorPrimary), black 30%); /* Halved */
+ }
+
+ .scrollButton:active {
+ background: linear-gradient(
+ 180deg,
+ color-mix(in srgb, var(--scrollColorPrimary), black 10%) 0%,
+ var(--scrollColorPrimary) 100%
+ );
+ transform: translateY(1px); /* Halved */
+ box-shadow:
+ 0 0.5px 1px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1),
+ /* Halved */ 0 1px 0 rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.15) inset,
+ 0 -0.5px 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) inset,
+ 0 0.5px 0 color-mix(in srgb, var(--scrollColorPrimary), black 30%); /* Halved */
+ }
+ sup,
+ sub {
+ vertical-align: baseline;
+ position: relative;
+ top: -0.375rem;
+ }
+
+ sub {
+ top: 0.375rem;
+ }
+
+ p {
+ margin-top: 0.4rem;
+ line-height: 1.4rem;
+ }
+
+ .scrollQuote {
+ break-inside: avoid;
+ display: block;
+ margin: 0.5rem 0;
+ padding: 0.5rem;
+ background: var(--scrollColorSurface);
+ white-space: pre-line;
+ border-left: 0.5rem solid var(--scrollColorBorder);
+ }
+
+ .scrollInlineCode {
+ font-family: var(--scrollFontMono);
+ font-size: 0.9rem;
+ background-color: var(--scrollColorSurface);
+ padding: 0.125rem 0.25rem;
+ border-radius: 0.25rem;
+ }
+
+ .scrollParagraph {
+ text-align: justify;
+ }
+
+ center .scrollParagraph {
+ text-align: center;
+ }
+
+ .subdued {
+ color: var(--scrollColorSubdued);
+ }
+
+ .scrollColumns {
+ column-count: auto;
+ column-fill: balance;
+ column-width: 35ch;
+ column-gap: 1.5rem;
+ padding-left: 1.25rem;
+ padding-right: 1.25rem;
+ margin: auto;
+ }
+
+ .scrollSnippetContainer {
+ padding: 1ch 0;
+ break-inside: avoid;
+ text-align: justify;
+ }
+
+ h1,
+ h2,
+ h3,
+ h4 {
+ margin: 0.625rem 0;
+ }
+
+ h1 {
+ font-size: 1.25rem;
+ }
+
+ h2 {
+ font-size: 1.125rem;
+ }
+
+ h3,
+ h4 {
+ font-size: 1rem;
+ }
+
+ h1.printTitleParser {
+ text-align: center;
+ margin: auto;
+ margin-bottom: 0.15625rem;
+ margin-top: 0;
+ font-size: 1.75rem;
+ max-width: calc(100vw - 2 * (1.5625rem + 1.875rem));
+ }
+
+ h1.printTitleParser a {
+ color: var(--scrollColorText);
+ }
+
+ .printDateParser {
+ text-align: center;
+ }
+ .scrollDateline,
+ .printDateParser {
+ font-style: italic;
+ line-height: 1.4rem;
+ font-size: 0.75rem;
+ }
+
+ .scrollSection {
+ break-inside: avoid;
+ max-width: 90%; /* Matches text width */
+ text-align: center;
+ margin: 0 auto; /* Centers images */
+ }
+
+ .scrollSection h1,
+ .scrollSection h2,
+ .scrollSection h3,
+ .scrollSection h4 {
+ text-align: center;
+ }
+
+ h4.scrollQuestion {
+ text-align: left;
+ margin: 1.4rem 0 0 0;
+ }
+
+ .scrollSection:first-child h1,
+ .scrollSection:first-child h2,
+ .scrollSection:first-child h3,
+ .scrollSection:first-child h4 {
+ margin-top: 0;
+ }
+
+ .scrollSection:first-child h4.scrollQuestion {
+ margin-top: 0;
+ }
+
+ .scrollNoteLink {
+ opacity: 0.4;
+ text-decoration: none;
+ }
+
+ .scrollNoteLink:hover {
+ opacity: 1;
+ }
+
+ .scrollFootNoteUsageLink {
+ opacity: 0.7;
+ text-decoration: none;
+ }
+
+ .scrollFootNoteUsageLink:hover {
+ opacity: 1;
+ }
+
+ .scrollHoverNote {
+ text-decoration: underline dashed 1px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1);
+ cursor: default;
+ }
+
+ .scrollTable {
+ table-layout: fixed;
+ font-family: var(--scrollFontUi);
+ margin: 0.5rem 0;
+ overflow: hidden;
+ font-size: 0.8rem;
+ width: 100%;
+ hyphens: none;
+ border: 1px solid var(--scrollColorBorder);
+ }
+
+ .scrollTable td,
+ .scrollTable th {
+ padding: 0.1875rem;
+ overflow: hidden;
+ white-space: nowrap;
+ }
+
+ .scrollTable th {
+ text-transform: capitalize;
+ border-bottom: 2px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.6);
+ text-align: left;
+ }
+
+ .scrollTable tr:nth-child(even) {
+ background: var(--scrollColorSurface);
+ }
+
+ .scrollTable pre {
+ white-space: nowrap;
+ overflow: hidden;
+ margin: 0;
+ }
+
+ .scrollTable.expandedTable {
+ table-layout: unset;
+ background: white;
+ position: relative;
+ z-index: 10;
+ overflow: unset;
+ }
+
+ .scrollTable.expandedTable pre {
+ white-space: unset;
+ overflow: unset;
+ }
+
+ .scrollTable.expandedTable td,
+ .scrollTable.expandedTable th {
+ overflow: unset;
+ white-space: unset;
+ }
+
+ .printAuthorsParser {
+ font-size: 0.875rem;
+ font-style: italic;
+ margin: 0.25rem 0;
+ text-align: center;
+ }
+
+ .abstractTextLinkParser {
+ text-align: center;
+ margin: 0.5em auto;
+ font-family: Verdana;
+ font-weight: 100;
+ }
+
+ .abstractTextLinkParser a {
+ color: var(--scrollColorBorder);
+ }
+
+ .abstractTextLinkParser a:hover {
+ color: #333;
+ }
+
+ .scrollContinueReadingLink {
+ display: block;
+ text-align: center;
+ }
+
+ .scrollDashboard {
+ width: 100%;
+ font-size: 1.875rem;
+ text-align: center;
+ font-weight: bold;
+ break-inside: avoid;
+ margin-top: 0.5rem;
+ margin-bottom: 0.5rem;
+ }
+
+ .scrollDashboard td {
+ width: 33.3%;
+ border: 1px solid #e8e8e8;
+ }
+
+ .scrollDashboard span {
+ font-size: 1.25rem;
+ display: block;
+ }
+
+ .scrollChat span {
+ font-family: Verdana;
+ margin-top: 0.3125rem;
+ padding: 0.3125rem 1.25rem;
+ border-radius: 0.9375rem;
+ display: inline-block;
+ }
+
+ .scrollChatLeft span {
+ background: var(--scrollColorSurface);
+ }
+
+ .scrollChatRight span {
+ color: white;
+ background: rgb(0, 132, 255);
+ }
+
+ .scrollYouTubeHolder {
+ position: relative;
+ width: 100%;
+ height: 0;
+ padding-bottom: 56.25%;
+ }
+
+ .scrollYouTubeEmbed {
+ position: absolute;
+ top: 0;
+ left: 0;
+ width: 100%;
+ height: 100%;
+ }
+ nav ul {
+ list-style: none;
+ margin: 0;
+ padding: 0;
+ display: flex;
+ justify-content: center;
+ }
+ nav li {
+ padding: 0 10px;
+ }
advice.scroll
Changed around line 31: StrongAdvice:
+ > 💎📊🧪 Every single person I’ve interviewed thus far, even those working with billions of dollars, have all sent cold emails.
+ Sonith Sunku
+ https://x.com/_sonith/status/1900001512421761171
+ right
+
aftertext.scroll
Changed around line 39: Here is a silly another example, with a lot of aftertext.
- https://try.scroll.pub/#scroll%0A%20aftertext%0A%20%20Here%20is%20another%20a%20richer%20example%2C%20showing%20more%20features.%0A%20%20strike%20another%0A%20%20link%20oldhomepage.html%20Here%0A%20%20italics%20more%0A%20%20bold%20showing%0A%20%20underline%20features Here
+ https://try.scroll.pub/#scroll%0A%20Here%20is%20a%20silly%20another%20example%2C%20with%20a%20lot%20of%20aftertext.%0A%20%20strike%20a%20silly%0A%20%20italics%20a%20lot%0A%20%20bold%20with%0A%20%20underline%20aftertext Here
Changed around line 145: Thank you to Kartik, Shalabh, Mariano, Joe and rau for pointing me to related wo
- quote
- The text and the markup are treated as separate parallel members, presumably (but not necessarily) in different files.
- @ Ted Nelson
+ > The text and the markup are treated as separate parallel members, presumably (but not necessarily) in different files.
+ Ted Nelson
+ right
+ https://www.xml.com/pub/a/w3j/s3.nelson.html
black-swans-and-technology.scroll
Changed around line 7: singleHeader.scroll
- quote
- In five years, which language is likely to be most prominent, Node.js, Python, or Ruby, and why?
- - Quora
+ > In five years, which language is likely to be most prominent, Node.js, Python, or Ruby, and why?
+ Quora
+ right
+ http://www.quora.com/In-five-years-which-language-is-likely-to-be-most-prominent-Node-js-Python-or-Ruby-and-why
brain-pilots.scroll
Changed around line 18: Which is more accurate: "I think, therefore I am", or "We think, therefore we ar
- quote
- The Brain Pilots theory predicts multiple locations capable of supporting root level consciousness and that the seat of consciousness moves. The brain is a system of agents and some agents are capable of being Pilots—of driving root level consciousness.
+ > The Brain Pilots theory predicts multiple locations capable of supporting root level consciousness and that the seat of consciousness _moves_. The brain is a system of agents and some agents are capable of being Pilots—of driving root level consciousness.
Changed around line 150: Do geniuses have more pilots? Or fewer? Are they able to build/destroy pilots fa
- quote
- The real population of Earth could be 8 trillion
+ > The _real_ population of Earth could be 8 trillion
countingComplexity.scroll
Changed around line 16: container 600px
- quote
- ...make the irreducible basic elements as simple and as few as possible without having to surrender the adequate representation of a single datum of experience.
- - On the Method of Theoretical Physics, Albert Einstein
+ > ...make the irreducible basic elements as simple and as few as possible without having to surrender the adequate representation of a single datum of experience.
+ _On the Method of Theoretical Physics_ by Albert Einstein
+ right
english-cannot-encode-real-news.scroll
Changed around line 26: But most people aren't aware of the problem.
- quote
- If your ideas are any good, you'll have to ram them down people's throats.
- @ Howard H. Aiken
+ > If your ideas are any good, you'll have to ram them down people's throats.
+ Howard H. Aiken
+ right
- quote
- ..in science the credit goes to the man who convinces the world, not to the man to whom the idea first occurs.
- @ Francis Darwin
+ > ..in science the credit goes to the man who convinces the world, not to the man to whom the idea first occurs.
+ Francis Darwin
+ right
Changed around line 63: I don't know exactly what a language for truth will look like but I imagine it w
- quote
- A language that doesn’t affect the way you think about programming, is not worth knowing.
- – Alan Perlis
+ > A language that doesn’t affect the way you think about programming, is not worth knowing.
+ Alan Perlis
+ right
experience-is-what-you-get.scroll
Changed around line 4: title Experience is What You Get
- quote
- Experience is what you get when you don't get what you want.
+ > Experience is what you get when you don't get what you want.
how-to-fix-the-cdc.scroll
Changed around line 49: I'm adding two very clear and specific examples to illustrate the problem. But m
- quote
- For young children, especially children younger than 5 years old, the risk of serious complications is higher for flu compared with COVID-19.
- @ CDC
+ > For young children, especially children younger than 5 years old, the risk of serious complications is higher for flu compared with COVID-19.
+ CDC
+ right
money-is-meant-to-circulate.scroll
Changed around line 4: title Money is Meant to Circulate
- quote
- The crux of the matter, is that people don't understand the true nature of money. It is meant to circulate, not be wrapped up in a stocking
- @ Guglielmo Marconi
+ > The crux of the matter, is that people don't understand the true nature of money. It is meant to circulate, not be wrapped up in a stocking
+ Guglielmo Marconi
+ right
package.json
Changed around line 18
- "scroll-cli": "172.0.0"
+ "scroll-cli": "^174.1.0"
setplicity.scroll
Changed around line 21: Anyway, we've been trying to make a simple product. And we've been trying to bal
- quote
- Make things as simple as possible, but not simpler.
+ > Make things as simple as possible, but not simpler.
thoughts-on-setting-goals.scroll
Changed around line 9: It is better to set small, meaningful goals than to set wild, audacious goals.
- quote
- Make them good. Make them small.
+ > Make them good. Make them small.
useTheSpine.scroll
Changed around line 29: There are many other terms for _using the spine_. The off-side rule. Semantic in
- quote
- To use the spine is to recognize that all programs in your language will be read and written on surfaces with not only a horizontal but also a vertical axis—the spine—and thus you should design your language to exploit this free and guaranteed resource.
+ > To use the spine is to recognize that all programs in your language will be read and written on surfaces with not only a horizontal but also a vertical axis—the spine—and thus you should design your language to exploit this free and guaranteed resource.
user-methods.scroll
Changed around line 7: singleHeader.scroll
- quote
- When building applications, distinguish methods that will be called by the user.
+ > When building applications, distinguish methods that will be called by the user.
Changed around line 15: endSnippet
- quote
- A UserMethod is a class method called by the user through a non-programmatic interface
+ > A UserMethod is a class method called by the user through a non-programmatic interface
Changed around line 35: That's it. In my pseudo code I used a "user" keyword to flag the UserMethod, but
- quote
- I have never seen a single application with a user facing component, whether it be a Graphical Interface, Command Line Interface, Voice Interface, et cetera, that doesn't benefit significantly from following the UserMethod Pattern.
+ > I have never seen a single application with a user facing component, whether it be a Graphical Interface, Command Line Interface, Voice Interface, et cetera, that doesn't benefit significantly from following the UserMethod Pattern.
why-is-it-best-to-do-one-thing-really-really-well.scroll
Changed around line 8: Google has a list of 10 principles that guide its actions. Number 2 on this list
- quote
- It's best to do one thing really, really well.
+ > It's best to do one thing really, really well.
why-you-shouldnt-save-blogging-for-old-age.scroll
Changed around line 11: But you don't have to wait until you're rich and famous to write a book about yo
- quote
- A few months ago I was talking to another MBA student, a very talented man, about 30 years old from a great school with a great resume. I asked him what he wanted to do for his career, and he replied that he wanted to go into a particular field, but thought he should work for McKinsey for a few years first to add to his resume. To me that's like saving sex for your old age. It makes no sense.
-
- @ Warren Buffet
+ > A few months ago I was talking to another MBA student, a very talented man, about 30 years old from a great school with a great resume. I asked him what he wanted to do for his career, and he replied that he wanted to go into a particular field, but thought he should work for McKinsey for a few years first to add to his resume. *To me that's like saving sex for your old age*. It makes no sense.
+ Warren Buffet
+ right
write-thin-to-write-fast.scroll
Changed around line 26: This takes practice and there aren't a lot of shortcuts.
- quote
- Set a thin column width in your editor
+ > Set a thin column width in your editor
advice.scroll
Changed around line 21: WeakAdvice:
- quote
- 💎📊🧪 In my whole life, I have known no wise people (over a broad subject matter area) who didn't read all the time – none, zero.
+ > 💎📊🧪 In my whole life, I have known no wise people (over a broad subject matter area) who didn't read all the time – none, zero.
+ Charlie Munger
+ https://fs.blog/2014/06/charlie-munger-recommended-books/
+ right
- quote
- 💎📊🧪 I don't know of a single case of a startup that felt they spent too much time talking to users.
+ > 💎📊🧪 I don't know of a single case of a startup that felt they spent too much time talking to users.
+ Jessica Livingston
+ https://www.ycombinator.com/library/5l-how-not-to-fail
+ right
Changed around line 85: Versus the WeakAdvice version, which would also be true if it was just a slight
- quote
- 💎📊 If you look at a broad cross-section of startups -- say, 30 or 40 or more; which of team, product, or market is most important?...market is the most important factor in a startup's success or failure.
+ > 💎📊 If you look at a broad cross-section of startups -- say, 30 or 40 or more; which of team, product, or market is most important?...market is the most important factor in a startup's success or failure.
+ Marc Andreessen
+ right
+ https://pmarchive.com/guide_to_startups_part4.html
Changed around line 142: StrongAdvice you can bet on.
- css .rightQuote{text-align: right; display: block; margin-top: 5px;}
-
aaron.scroll
Changed around line 1
- date 2025-02-07
+ date 2021-05-12
microverses.scroll
Changed around line 16: How many concepts to describe each world? 1,000? 10,000? More?
+ ***
+
microverses.scroll
Changed around line 1
+ date 2025-3-12
+ tags All
+ title Microverses
+ container 500px
+ standardPost.scroll
+
+ We live above 7 microverses that we cannot see no matter how hard we squint.
+
+ Each microverse is ten times larger than the one above.
+
+ Each is its own land with unique creatures, phenomena and rules.
+
+ We rely on scopes, and experiments, and symbols to map the territory.
+
+ How many concepts to describe each world? 1,000? 10,000? More?
+
+ And that just gets us to the atomic level. But there are more lands we still cannot see.
+
+ // buildParsers
+ nameDef string Object name
+ microverseDef string Name of the microverse
+ diameterDef float Diameter in angstroms
+ // https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angstrom
+ sourceDef url URL to source.
+ visibleSinceDef int What year did technology first allow this microverse to be seen?
+
+ // todo: allow building of Parsers inline. Perhaps via new kind of macro.
+
+ nameDefParser
+ cue name
+ extends abstractStringMeasureParser
+ description Object name
+ float sortIndex 1
+ boolean isMeasure true
+ boolean isMeasureRequired true
+ boolean isConceptDelimiter true
+ microverseDefParser
+ cue microverse
+ extends abstractStringMeasureParser
+ description Name of the microverse
+ float sortIndex 1.1
+ diameterDefParser
+ cue diameter
+ extends abstractFloatMeasureParser
+ description Diameter in angstroms
+ float sortIndex 1.2
+ sourceDefParser
+ cue source
+ extends abstractUrlMeasureParser
+ description URL to source.
+ float sortIndex 1.3
+ visibleSinceDefParser
+ cue visibleSince
+ extends abstractIntMeasureParser
+ description What year did technology first allow this microverse to be seen?
+ float sortIndex 1.4
+
+ name Hydrogen Atom
+ microverse Atomboro
+ diameter 1
+ source https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohr_radius
+ visibleSince 1970
+ // https://doi.org/10.2307/1295589
+
+ //
+ name Oxygen Atom
+ diameter 1.3
+ source https://dept.harpercollege.edu/chemistry/chm/100/dgodambe/thedisk/periodic/periodic.htm
+
+ name Water Molecule
+ diameter 2.8
+ source https://bionumbers.hms.harvard.edu/bionumber.aspx?s=n&v=6&id=103723
+
+ name ATP
+ diameter 14
+ source https://bionumbers.hms.harvard.edu/bionumber.aspx?s=n&v=5&id=106978
+
+ name Glucose
+ microverse Moleculeville
+ diameter 15
+ source https://bionumbers.hms.harvard.edu/bionumber.aspx?&id=106979
+ // https://bionumbers.hms.harvard.edu/bionumber.aspx?&id=110368
+ visibleSince 1961
+ // https://news.berkeley.edu/2013/05/30/scientists-capture-first-images-of-molecules-before-and-after-reaction/
+
+ name Hemoglobin
+ microverse Proteinplace
+ diameter 85
+ source https://bionumbers.hms.harvard.edu/bionumber.aspx?id=105116&ver=4&trm=hemoglobin&org=
+ visibleSince 1840
+
+ name SARS-CoV-2
+ microverse Viralworld
+ diameter 1000
+ source https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7224694/
+ visibleSince 1931
+ // https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_virology
+
+ name Mitochondria
+ microverse Mitotown
+ diameter 10000
+ source https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK26894/
+ // Mitochondria are usually depicted as stiff, elongated cylinders with a diameter of 0.5–1 μm, resembling bacteria.
+ visibleSince 1857
+
+ name Red Blood Cell
+ microverse Bloodland
+ diameter 80000
+ source https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2998922/
+ visibleSince 1678
+ https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11505724/
+
+ name Human ovum
+ microverse Hairfield
+ diameter 1200000
+ source https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egg_cell
+ visibleSince 1677
+ https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1439-0531.2012.02105.x
+
+ concepts
+ printTable
+
+ ****
+
+ sizeOfEverything.jpg
+ caption The Size of Everything by Olaf Frohn
+ https://armchairastronautics.blogspot.com/p/size-of-everything.html
sizeOfEverything.jpg
tsort.scroll
Changed around line 31: I am unaware of an encyclopedia sorted topologically.
+ A topologically sorted encyclopedia would also be _hard to vary_. Computational logic tests would trigger if someone tried to add non-sense to a low level piece.
+
+ And when revolutionary new low-level scientific insights are discovered that refine our models, you can actually numerically see and measure the downstream impact of those breakthroughs.
+
intelligence.scroll
Changed around line 41: If they have the same coverage, the smaller program is more intelligent.
+
+ # Notes
+ ICS is a way to measure what Wikipedians call Explanatory Power.
+ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Explanatory_power Explanatory Power
market.scroll
Changed around line 50: The offering I'm working on is novel, so the market hasn't quite understood what
- The scary part about muting the market is the branch you are pioneering may be a dead end. It is a lot of work to see so many branches ahead to figure out if it's a path the market should go down. You don't want to blaze a trail to a dead-end, but even worse would be to mislead passengers down a dead-end trail. But perhaps sometimes it must be done.
+ The scary part about muting the market is the branch you are pioneering may be a dead end. It is a lot of work to see so many branches ahead to figure out if it's a path the market should go down. You don't want to blaze a trail to a dead-end, but even worse would be to mislead passengers down a dead-end trail.
+
+ The other scary part about muting the market is the old aphorism from finance: "markets can remain irrational longer than you can remain solvent".
+
+ But perhaps sometimes it must be done.
tsort.scroll
Changed around line 4: title Topological Sorting
- Topological sorting is something I've been thinking about lately.
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topological_sorting Topological sorting
+ Lately I've been thinking about topological sorting.
+ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topological_sorting topological sorting
- This is sorting concepts in dependency order.
+ Topological sorting is sorting concepts in dependency order.
Changed around line 27: I am unaware of an encyclopedia sorted topologically.
- Why would you want an encyclopedia sorted topologically?
+ ? Why would you want an encyclopedia sorted topologically?
- What parts of the encyclopedia should you learn first?
+ If you want to get the most bang for your bits, sort your ideas topologically.
+ intelligence.html the most bang for your bits
+
+ ? What parts of the encyclopedia should you learn first?
Changed around line 42: Popularity sorting such as by number of inbound links is an improvement over alp
- How would you create a topologically sorted encyclopedia?
+ ? How would you create a topologically sorted encyclopedia?
Changed around line 60: When dealing with larger programs it seems you can do things a lot faster if you
- Is the universe topologically sorted?
+ ? Is the universe topologically sorted?
- Which came first, the chicken or the egg?
+ ? Which came first, the chicken or the egg?
scales.scroll
Changed around line 11: The word scale is an overloaded term. Usually when I use the word "scale" I am u
- English is generally scaled. A small subset of it is scaled.
+ English is generally unscaled. A small subset of it is scaled.
Changed around line 37: Scales make things comparable. Measure different concepts using the same scale a
- One of the most important scales is the computational complexity scale. Nature loves inequality, our universe has ~65 orders of magnitude buckets, and so rarely do 2 random things fall in the same bucket.
+ ***
+
+ One of the most important scales is the computational complexity scale.
- orders-of-magnitude.html orders of magnitude
- A dimension is just a set of different measurements with the same scale.
+ ***
+
+ Nature loves inequality, our universe has ~65 orders of magnitude buckets, and so rarely do 2 random things fall in the same bucket.
+ orders-of-magnitude.html orders of magnitude
+ A dimension is just a set of different measurements with the same scale.
+
Changed around line 59: You can draw a high dimensional dataset as just a lot of independent lines. Not
- Wikipedia does not make heavy use of scales. It relies more on text. I often wonder if the focus was more on adding data in typed dimensions, if it would allow it to become a more truthful symbolic model of the world.
+ Wikipedia does not make heavy use of scales. It relies more on unscaled narratives. I often wonder if the focus was more on adding data in typed dimensions, if it would allow it to become a more truthful symbolic model of the world.
- They do increasingly populate those infoboxes with scaled data. The syntax is nasty, but the scaled data is wonderfully useful.
+ To be fair, the infoboxes on Wikipedia are scaled data. The syntax is nasty, but the scaled data is wonderfully useful.
+
+ ***
Changed around line 77: I often think about complexity scales. I proposed if you think in parsers you ca
- I don't have anything too profound to say about scales. (On the profoundness scale, this post ranks low.)
+ I don't have anything too profound to say about scales. (On the impact scale, this post ranks low.)
+ hits.html impact scale
market.scroll
Changed around line 18: The no may mean the market:
- does not want your offering
- does not like the price of your offering
+ The relationship between a human and the market is like that between a dog and the farmer. The dog can roam a bit but ultimately the farmer holds the power.
+
market.scroll
Changed around line 32: I think as much as you can, you don't want to mute the market. Instead, listen t
+ ## How to Mute the Market
+
+ Despite my warnings, if you decide that a short term muting of the market is necessary, then you may have to go to extreme measures. Ideally, you've got a warchest. Perhaps savings, a good investment, investors who have bet on your vision, a grant, or something along those lines. With that capital you can mute the market for a period of time and try to invent a breakthrough new technological path. Without that capital the best advice comes from Hermann Hesse via his novel Siddhartha: "I can think. I can wait. I can fast." You will need to cut your expenses to the bone, and then use the bone for soup and cutlery. It can be done but you will have to push yourself to extreme measures you didn't know you were capable of. I'm not sure it's ever the right strategy. (But then sometimes I wonder whether it's the _only_ strategy for true breakthroughs).
+
+ ## Enabling others to Mute the Market
+
+ Along these lines, as an angel investor one thing I've learned is that you may be _hurting_ a startup by investing, as you are enabling them to mute the market for a prolonged period of time. The pressure of the market is uncomfortable but honest and necessary. It's more relaxing to mute the market but you'll never find out if your ship floats nor carry passengers across the sea.
+
- The offering I'm working on is novel, so the market hasn't quite understood what I'm offering yet. I think I'm getting better at explaining it, and I think once the market understands it, the market will want it. I think soon many people will not be able to get enough of it.
+ The offering I'm working on is novel, so the market hasn't quite understood what I'm offering yet. It's a challenge because the path is so different than what's popular in the market that I have to see many branches ahead on my own and then communicate what I see and why it's a path worth traveling. I think I'm getting better at explaining it, and I think once the market understands it, the market will want it. I think soon many people will not be able to get enough of it.
+ The scary part about muting the market is the branch you are pioneering may be a dead end. It is a lot of work to see so many branches ahead to figure out if it's a path the market should go down. You don't want to blaze a trail to a dead-end, but even worse would be to mislead passengers down a dead-end trail. But perhaps sometimes it must be done.
+
+ You learn to be deeply grateful and appreciative of the early adopters who break from the mainstream and come check out your fledgling path.
+
market.scroll
Changed around line 30: To mute the market is to understand something about the world the market current
+ The selection pressure the market provides can be very helpful. You are getting the wisdom of the crowds to rank your ideas. I can definitely imagine that sometimes the market is too short-term focused and muting it is potentially the right way, but when you do that you also mute a great source of free feedback.
+
scales.scroll
Changed around line 37: Scales make things comparable. Measure different concepts using the same scale a
+ One of the most important scales is the computational complexity scale. Nature loves inequality, our universe has ~65 orders of magnitude buckets, and so rarely do 2 random things fall in the same bucket.
+ bigOsKitchen.html computational complexity scale
+ orders-of-magnitude.html orders of magnitude
+
tsort.scroll
Changed around line 25: Encyclopedias are sorted alphabetically.
- How would you do it?
+ ***
+
+ Why would you want an encyclopedia sorted topologically?
+
+ Well, topological sorting tells you the logical importance of things. Things further down are built on things at the top (or vice versa, if you prepend new things to your files rather than append).
+
+ What parts of the encyclopedia should you learn first?
+
+ It makes more sense to learn the things with a high topological ranking, rather than a high alphabetical ranking. A lot of things turn out to be fads.
+
+ Popularity sorting such as by number of inbound links is an improvement over alphabetical sorting, but seems very susceptible to bias and fads.
+
+ ***
+
+ How would you create a topologically sorted encyclopedia?
+ I think using parsers all the way down might work, though I could be wrong. The nice thing about this strategy is that you can build stuff that is useful along the way even if the vision of the topological encyclopedia doesn't materialize.
+ thinkingInParsers.html parsers all the way down
+ https://pldb.io stuff that is useful
+
scales.scroll
Changed around line 11: The word scale is an overloaded term. Usually when I use the word "scale" I am u
- Blog posts are mostly "unscaled". It is hard to compare this line with the line below it.
+ English is generally scaled. A small subset of it is scaled.
+ // All human languages are, really
+
+ So blog posts are mostly "unscaled". It is hard to compare this line with the line below it.
tsort.scroll
Changed around line 1
+ date 2025-3-5
+ tags All Science
+ title Topological Sorting
+ container 500px
+ standardPost.scroll
+
+ Topological sorting is something I've been thinking about lately.
+ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topological_sorting Topological sorting
+
+ This is sorting concepts in dependency order.
+
+ For example, if you wanted to sort "fire" and "internal combustion engine", fire would come first. To explain ICEs, you need fire, but to explain fire you don't need ICEs.
+
+ ***
+
+ Sorting concepts topologically versus chronologically can create different rankings.
+
+ Sorting numbers topologically puts binary (0 and 1) before the Hindu-Arabic numerals (0 - 9), even though humans used 0-9 way before using 0 and 1.
+
+ Our topological knowledge base often has missing or incorrect concepts that may not be fixed for centuries.
+
+ ***
+
+ Encyclopedias are sorted alphabetically.
+
+ I am unaware of an encyclopedia sorted topologically.
+
+ How would you do it?
+
+ I have been attempting to build a topologically sorted encyclopedia for a long time, though I had never described it like that. It's only recently when I realized I wanted to change Scroll to be topologically-sorted by default that I went looking for the definitive term to describe the concept.
+ iThoughtWeCouldBuildAIExpertsByHand.html attempting to build
+ https://scroll.pub Scroll
+
+ ***
+
+ Today I started looking at older programming languages that have lasted like C, Fortran, Ada, et cetera, and realized that topological sorting used to be the default. Newer languages aren't as strict, and that's the pattern I copied. But I wonder whether it's a better design to make the rule topologically sorted, and the looser version the exception.
+
+ When dealing with larger programs it seems you can do things a lot faster if you know things are sorted topologically.
+
+ ***
+
+ Is the universe topologically sorted?
+
+ It seems to be. The present depends upon the past, and so comes after the past.
+
+ ***
+
+ Which came first, the chicken or the egg?
+
+ If we are talking about the words, that might be easy to determine with a good etymology reference.
+
+ If we are talking about the patterns represented by the words, then it's a bit more interesting. We know the bacteria came before either. But my guess is we had objects closer in appearance to chicken eggs before we had objects resembling chickens. So I would say the egg came first, topologically.
+
+ ****
+
boxMethod.scroll
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- tags All Data Thinking
+ tags All Data Thinking Science
countingComplexity.scroll
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- tags All Scroll ScrollPapers AllPapers
+ tags All Scroll ScrollPapers AllPapers Science
iThoughtWeCouldBuildAIExpertsByHand.scroll
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- tags All Scroll Programming Startups
+ tags All Scroll Programming Startups Science
intelligence.scroll
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- tags All Programming Scroll ScrollPapers AllPapers
+ tags All Programming Scroll ScrollPapers AllPapers Science
lab.scroll
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- tags All Science Startups Programming Writing
+ tags All Startups Programming Writing
scales.scroll
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+ date 2025-3-5
+ tags All Science
+ title Scales
+ container 500px
+ standardPost.scroll
+ keywords scales measurements metrics dimensions comparibility
+
+ A scale is an ordering of numbers. Objects map to a scale to allow comparibility in that dimension.
+
+ The word scale is an overloaded term. Usually when I use the word "scale" I am using a different version of it, such as "scale it up" or "economies of scale". In this post I'm using it in the sense of a measurement or yardstick or number-line or type.
+
+ ***
+
+ Blog posts are mostly "unscaled". It is hard to compare this line with the line below it.
+
+ But this post does contain some lines that are scaled. For example, it has a date line, which maps this post to a date scale. So you can compare this post to others, and say which came before, and _how much_ they came before.
+
+ Scroll, the language and software that powers this blog, does compute some scaled metrics on each post. The number of words, for example. You can see the number of words for this post and all others on the search page.
+ https://scroll.pub Scroll
+ search.html search page
+
+ ***
+
+ I like the definition of scales in the d3 data visualization library:
+ https://d3js.org/d3-scale definition of scales
+
+ > Scales are a convenient abstraction for a fundamental task in visualization: mapping a dimension of abstract data to a visual representation. Although most often used for position-encoding quantitative data, such as mapping a measurement in meters to a position in pixels for dots in a scatterplot, scales can represent virtually any visual encoding, such as diverging colors, stroke widths, or symbol size. Scales can also be used with virtually any type of data, such as named categorical data or discrete data that requires sensible breaks.
+
+ I remember when I was struggling to use d3 and then finally their definition of scales clicked in my head and I realized what a simple, beautiful and widely applicable concept it was.
+
+ ***
+
+ Scales make things comparable. Measure different concepts using the same scale and now you can compare those things symbolically.
+
+ The more scales you use, the more sophisticated your symbolic models become. You can measure two buildings with a height scale to create some comparisons, but you can greatly increase those comparisons if you also measure them with a "year built" scale.
+
+ A dimension is just a set of different measurements with the same scale.
+
+ ***
+
+ You can think of any scale as just a line.
+
+ Measure objects and draw a point on the line for where each measurement falls.
+
+ You can draw a high dimensional dataset as just a lot of independent lines. Not the most useful visualization, but can be helpful sometimes to break things down into really simply pieces.
+
+ ***
+
+ Wikipedia does not make heavy use of scales. It relies more on text. I often wonder if the focus was more on adding data in typed dimensions, if it would allow it to become a more truthful symbolic model of the world.
+
+ They do increasingly populate those infoboxes with scaled data. The syntax is nasty, but the scaled data is wonderfully useful.
+
+ The more scales you have, the more trustworthy a model is.
+ trust.html trustworthy
+
+ ***
+
+ I often think about complexity scales. I proposed if you think in parsers you can measure the complexity of any idea. Perhaps the "parser" is a good unit for complexity. If two models of the world are equally intelligent, pick the less complex one - the one with fewer parsers.
+ thinkingInParsers.html think in parsers
+ countingComplexity.html measure the complexity of any idea
+ intelligence.html intelligent
+
+ ***
+
+ I don't have anything too profound to say about scales. (On the profoundness scale, this post ranks low.)
+
+ I just want to make sure I am deliberately thinking enough about them. If you measure concepts on an importance scale, they are high on the list.
+
+ ***
+
+ # Related Posts
+ printRelated Science
+
+ ****
+
scrollsets.scroll
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- tags All Scroll Programming Data Life ScrollSets ScrollPapers AllPapers
+ tags All Scroll Programming Data Life ScrollSets ScrollPapers AllPapers Science
thinkingInParsers.scroll
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- tags All Scroll
+ tags All Scroll Science
type-the-world.scroll
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- tags All Programming Thinking Scroll
+ tags All Programming Thinking Scroll Science
al-ins.scroll
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-
- categoryPage.scroll
-
-
- date 3/03/2025
- tags AL-INS Enterprises
- title AL-INS Enterprises
-
- singleHeader.scroll
-
- Modern metal art is flourishing, seamlessly merging age-old craftsmanship with cutting-edge technologies like laser cutting and 3D printing. This field has seen a significant shift towards eco-friendliness, with artists increasingly opting for recycled materials and designs that interact with natural elements, enhancing their environmental sustainability. Moreover, the proliferation of affordable technology has democratized metal art, empowering a diverse global community of artists. These developments ensure that metal art remains a vibrant and relevant form of contemporary artistic expression. For a deeper exploration into the modern advancements of metal art, visit https://al-ins.com/.
-
-
- footer.scroll
index.scroll
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+ replace CAT_TITLE All
+
+ categoryPage.scroll
+
+ printSnippets All
+
+ heatmap.scroll
+
+ footer.scroll
thinkingInParsers.scroll
Changed around line 154: Of course, the parsers themselves also make use of various parsers (such as "pat
- You may notice that the Parsers language is not very much concerned with computers. Although the parsers can carry logic to execute on computers, Parsers is really focused more on organizing knowledge into parsers.
-
- Parsers is a knowledge storage language first--a way to think first--and a computational language second.
+ You may notice that the Parsers language is not very much concerned with computers and fitting the world to match the structures in a computer. Although the parsers can carry logic to execute on computers, Parsers is really focused more on organizing knowledge into parsers. Parsers is a knowledge storage language first--a way to think first--and a computational language second. Parsers does not say "here is a set of structures that work well on the computer, fit your knowledge of the world into them." Instead the approach of Parsers is to "mine the minimal, ideal set of symbols to represent the patterns you see, and then we'll have the computer adjust to those".
Changed around line 195: I hope you find thinking in parsers as useful as I do.
- From an OO perspective, think of Parsers as ClassDefinitions initialized with particles that always have methods for parsing subparticles.
+ From an OO perspective, think of Parsers as ClassDefinitions initialized with particles that always have methods for parsing subparticles. Like OO, parsed particles can have methods and state and communicate via message passing. But with Parsers the focus is on parsing and patterns.
thinkingInParsers.scroll
Changed around line 1
+ date 2025-3-3
+ tags All Scroll
+ title Thinking in Parsers
+ container 500px
+ standardPost.scroll
+
+ Do you want to learn a new way to think? And a new way to write? Do you want to learn how to look at _everything_ from a new perspective?
+
+ If so, read on.
+
+ I will try to explain to you how to "think in Parsers". I'll also then go into "writing with Parsers", a computer language we've made. It might not click immediately, but when it finally does I think you'll find it wonderfully useful.
+ // And in trying to teach it, I hope I will get better at it as well!
+
+ No matter what topic you want to learn, from music to math, chemistry to carpentry, mechanics to quantum mechanics, thinking in parsers gives you another path to understanding any domain.
+
+ ***
+
+ # Parsers match patterns
+
+ Look for a tree. (If you're inside, you may need to go to a window)
+
+ Did you see one? Great! That means you have a "TreeParser" in your brain that is capable of recognizing trees.
+
+ Now, look for a rock. See one? Great! You brain also has a "RockParser".
+
+ Parsers are things that match certain patterns and are inert to others.
+
+ Your TreeParser fired when you saw a tree, but not when you saw a rock, and vice versa.
+
+ ***
+
+ # Parsers are composable
+
+ The tree you looked at may have also activated another Parser specific to that species. I am writing this in Massachusetts and so for me that was my PineTreeParser. Usually I am in Hawai'i and my PalmTreeParser activates. For you it might be another kind. The point is parsers can be derivatives of other Parsers.
+
+ But that's not the only way Parsers can compose.
+
+ For example, you can also have Parsers that parse parts of a pattern. Think of a BranchParser or a LeafParser.
+
+ Parsers can combine in many ways.
+
+ ***
+
+ # Parsers are contextual
+
+ Imagine taking a leaf from the tree and looking at it under a microscope. If you remember your biology class, your "CellParser" may activate. But if you were given a blurry image and not told its source, your "TurtleShellParser" may activate instead.
+
+ Because you have context you know which Parser is the one to use.
+ // to come up with the turtle shell analogy I looked at some microscopic images of leaves and squinted. Coming up with analogies is looking at the thing you want to analogize and feeling what other parsers are warmed up.
+
+ ***
+
+ # Parsers hold logic
+
+ Imagine pulling the tree you saw out of the ground and into the sky. Now imagine throwing the rock into the sky.
+
+ I bet when you imagined lifting the tree, you imagined pulling up roots, but you didn't imagine roots attached to the rock.
+
+ You can attach knowledge to parsers that can be used in combination with the pattern that activated the parser.
+
+ ***
+
+ # Patterns Exist Without Parsers
+
+ The patterns that trees or rocks or turtles emit exist whether or not we have a parser that recognizes them. Patterns exist without parsers.
+
+ A baby starts with very few parsers and things for them are largely a blur until they have developed the parsers to make sense of their sensory data.
+
+ Often, especially when growing up, we see and record raw patterns that we don't fully understand. Eventually we stumble upon parsers that match those patterns and give us deeper understanding of what we witnessed earlier.
+
+ Sometimes we only notice a pattern after we've learned a parser for it. For example, if you've ever gotten a new car, you've probably experienced the phenomena of suddenly noticing that model of car all around you. This is because you have acquired more parsers for that pattern that are now getting activated when you encounter it.
+
+ And often the parsers we have don't actually best fit the universe's patterns and we update them later. The pattern of the earth revolving around the sun has existed always, for example, even though humans previously had parsers that parsed it in a different way.
+
+ ***
+
+ # Recap
+
+ Let's recap so far. Parsers:
+
+ - Match patterns
+ - Are composable
+ - Are context-sensitive
+ - Hold logic
+
+ ***
+
+ # Parsers in the symbolic world
+
+ So far we've been talking about Parsers for objects in the real world that are stored in the neural networks of your brain. These Parsers are neat, and you don't even have to be human to have them (dogs, for example have parsers to recognize their master) but Parsers work the same way in the symbolic world.
+
+ For example, you have an oParser that:
+
+ - recognizes the letter "o"
+ - also activates your LetterParser
+ - is context sensitive (so you can recognize the letter "o" versus the number "0")
+ - and holds logic related to "o", such as it's sound.
+
+ And then you can have a WordParser that recognizes words, such as "color".
+
+ You can then have a PropertyParser that recognizes a pair of words like "color blue".
+
+ Parsers never stop composing like this. If you were to look at the source code of this post you would even see that this sentence is parsed by a ParagraphParser.
+
+ It's Parsers all the way down! And all the way up!
+
+ ***
+
+ # Membranes
+
+ One thing you'll notice about parsing objects is that all Parsers assume membranes. Whether it's the edges of the tree or the space around words, there are lines, either visible or invisible, that separate what is being parsed versus not parsed.
+
+ ***
+
+ # The Parsers Programming Language
+
+ Now let's combine the sections above by making a language of symbolic parsers about things we encounter in the physical world.
+
+ First, we need to set some rules as to the membranes of our language - where do we draw the lines around the atomic units that we will parse? For this, we'll use Particle Syntax (aka Particles). Particles splits our writings into atoms (words), particles (lines), and subparticles (indented lines that belong to the "scope" of the parent line). The nice thing about Particles is that there is no visible syntax at all, and yet it gives us the building blocks to represent any kind of structure.
+ whatIsParticles.html Particle Syntax
+
+ Now, imagine we wrote the lines below on a walk in the woods.
+
+ code
+ pineTree
+ height 20ft
+ circumference .5ft
+ pineTree
+ height 10ft
+ circumference .3ft
+ oakTree
+ height 30ft
+ circumference .8ft
+
+ Right now all we have is some patterns, but no parsers.
+
+ Let's write some parsers to parse the lines above:
+
+ code
+ abstractTreeParser
+ pattern *Tree
+ heightParser
+ atoms lengthAtom
+ circumferenceParser
+ atoms lengthAtom
+ calculateVolume
+ return height * surfaceArea
+ pineTree extends abstractTreeParser
+ oakTree extends abstractTreeParser
+
+ Now we have five parsers with which to understand our original program.
+
+ Of course, the parsers themselves also make use of various parsers (such as "pattern" and "atoms"), which I've left out, so in reality there would be quite a bit more.
+
+ I've left out some details to focus on the core ideas of how you can define Parsers symbolically that match patterns, are composable, context-sensitive, and hold logic.
+
+ You may notice that the Parsers language is not very much concerned with computers. Although the parsers can carry logic to execute on computers, Parsers is really focused more on organizing knowledge into parsers.
+
+ Parsers is a knowledge storage language first--a way to think first--and a computational language second.
+
+ Now, if you want to dive deeper into Parsers, an ever evolving language, the Scroll website is a good place to visit next.
+ https://scroll.pub Scroll website
+
+ But now let's keep going and connect the dots.
+
+ ***
+
+ # How to Understand Anything
+
+ Now I'm going to get to the fun claim of this essay: *every subject can be represented as a list of simple parsers in the Parsers language*.
+
+ Parsers are the building blocks of knowledge, much like atoms are the building blocks of molecules.
+
+ It doesn't matter how "complex" the subject is, everything can be broken down (and built up) by simple parsers.
+
+ Now, don't get me wrong, I'm not saying quantum mechanics is the same thing as arithmetic. What I'm saying is that quantum mechanics is merely a larger list of parsers. Each parser in quantum mechanics is not more complex than the parsers in arithmetic, it's just that there are more of them.
+
+ If you are struggling to master a new subject, you can just start writing out all the parsers in the subject in a flat list. You can then work on your understanding of each one, refining your parser definition as you go. You'll find that before you can understand some parsers, you'll have to understand some other parsers it uses.
+
+ You can also organize parsers by which ones are used the most. (Often you'll find many parsers that are taught in books are not very important, and you'll start to pick up on the core set that are heavily used and should be mastered).
+
+ Eventually you'll have a long list of parsers that together describe a subject in a very accurate, precise, and computable way. It's like an encyclopedia but better, because the parsers are linked in ways that can be logically computed over.
+
+ ***
+
+ # Wrapping Up
+
+ This was a brief introduction to my primary mode of thinking: "thinking in parsers". I've personally found this a universally useful way to think about the world. The great thing about it is it works for both understanding objects in the 4D world and also for objects in the symbolic world (including 2D math).
+ mathematics.html 2D math
+
+ When I was younger I was overwhelmed by the amount of symbolic knowledge we have in our world. Now that I'm able to think in parsers, I find it all far less intimidating, because I know it's just a big list of parsers, and I can take it one parser at a time.
+
+ I hope you find thinking in parsers as useful as I do.
+
+ ***
+
+ # FAQ
+
+ ? Are Parsers just Object Oriented Programming?
+ From an OO perspective, think of Parsers as ClassDefinitions initialized with particles that always have methods for parsing subparticles.
+
+ ? Are Parsers just functions?
+ From a functional programming perspective, you can think of Parsers as a function that takes pattern matching and other logic and returns functions that can parse patterns.
+
+ ? Are Parsers just Lisp?
+ From a Lisp perspective, you can think of Parsers as like Racket with its "Language Oriented Programming", but with Particle syntax which compose better than S-Expressions.
+
+ ? Are Parsers just XML?
+ From an XML perspective, think of Parsers as XML with a much slimmer syntax and a built-in language for defining schemas.
+
+ ? Does the rigidness of Parsers and the whitespace syntax in Particles dampen creativity?
+ No. First, you can have Parsers like a PoemParser that are very loose in what they accept. Second, no matter what, symbols are a poor approximation to patterns in the physical world, and so it's better to optimize for efficiency in symbolic patterns over looseness.
+
+ ****
+
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- Modern metal art is flourishing, seamlessly merging age-old craftsmanship with cutting-edge technologies like laser cutting and 3D printing. This field has seen a significant shift towards eco-friendliness, with artists increasingly opting for recycled materials and designs that interact with natural elements, enhancing their environmental sustainability. Moreover, the proliferation of affordable technology has democratized metal art, empowering a diverse global community of artists. These developments ensure that metal art remains a vibrant and relevant form of contemporary artistic expression. For a deeper exploration into the modern advancements of metal art, visit https://al-ins.com/.
+ Modern metal art is flourishing, seamlessly merging age-old craftsmanship with cutting-edge technologies like laser cutting and 3D printing. This field has seen a significant shift towards eco-friendliness, with artists increasingly opting for recycled materials and designs that interact with natural elements, enhancing their environmental sustainability. Moreover, the proliferation of affordable technology has democratized metal art, empowering a diverse global community of artists. These developments ensure that metal art remains a vibrant and relevant form of contemporary artistic expression. For a deeper exploration into the modern advancements of metal art, visit https://al-ins.com/.
+
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- Modern metal art is flourishing, seamlessly merging age-old craftsmanship with cutting-edge technologies like laser cutting and 3D printing. This field has seen a significant shift towards eco-friendliness, with artists increasingly opting for recycled materials and designs that interact with natural elements, enhancing their environmental sustainability. Moreover, the proliferation of affordable technology has democratized metal art, empowering a diverse global community of artists. These developments ensure that metal art remains a vibrant and relevant form of contemporary artistic expression. For a deeper exploration into the modern advancements of metal art, visit Al-ins.
-
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+ Modern metal art is flourishing, seamlessly merging age-old craftsmanship with cutting-edge technologies like laser cutting and 3D printing. This field has seen a significant shift towards eco-friendliness, with artists increasingly opting for recycled materials and designs that interact with natural elements, enhancing their environmental sustainability. Moreover, the proliferation of affordable technology has democratized metal art, empowering a diverse global community of artists. These developments ensure that metal art remains a vibrant and relevant form of contemporary artistic expression. For a deeper exploration into the modern advancements of metal art, visit https://al-ins.com/.
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+ Modern metal art is flourishing, seamlessly merging age-old craftsmanship with cutting-edge technologies like laser cutting and 3D printing. This field has seen a significant shift towards eco-friendliness, with artists increasingly opting for recycled materials and designs that interact with natural elements, enhancing their environmental sustainability. Moreover, the proliferation of affordable technology has democratized metal art, empowering a diverse global community of artists. These developments ensure that metal art remains a vibrant and relevant form of contemporary artistic expression. For a deeper exploration into the modern advancements of metal art, visit Al-ins.
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